Term
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Definition
| Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
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Term
| Types of Epithelial tissue |
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Definition
1. Simple epithelial
2. Compound epithelial
3. Basement membrane |
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Term
| Types of simple epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| squamous, cuboidal, columnar/pseudostratified, ciliated columnar |
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Term
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Definition
Has fewer cells, but more intracellular substance called matrix
Can be loose or dense
Connective tissue proper or specialized connective tissue |
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Term
| Types of Connective tissue proper |
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Definition
Loose: areolar, adipose
Dense: tendons, white fibrous, elastic connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
for insulation
Areolar tissue with fat
Loose |
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Term
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Definition
broad tendinous sheets are aponeuroses
nonelastic cords
attach muscle to bone, muscle to cartilage, muscle to muscle |
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Term
| Types of white fibrous connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tough cords with more elastic fibers
attach bone to bone, bone to cartilage, cartilage to cartilage
a critical part of joints |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue that surrounds/covers muscles and organs |
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Term
| Elastic connective tissue is found where? |
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Definition
| In bronchial tree and larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| Offers tensile strength (stretch without separating), compressive strength (resistance to compression or crushing) and elasticity which differs among the 3 types |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyaline, Elastic, and fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage) |
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Term
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Definition
most abundant type in body
bluish-white appearance
found where strong support with flexibility is needed
ex. articulating surfaces of bones, cartilaginous rib cage, larynx, tracheal rings, bronchial passages, nasal septum |
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Term
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Definition
Yellow and opaque
extremely flexible
found in outer ear (pinna and cartilaginous portion of the external auditory meatus
epiglottis and small cartilages of the larynx |
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Term
| Fibrous cartilage or fibrocartilage |
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Definition
Coarse appearance due to fibers arranged in thick parallel bundles
smooth gliding surface, shock absorber
slightly compressible
can withstand pressure
found in regions that support body weight and some joints
ex. intervertebral discs, temperomandibular joint |
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Term
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Definition
Hardest type of connective tissue
dense outer compact layer surrounded by fibrous membrane (periosteum)
porous, spongy, inner layer containing bone marrow for blood cell and blood plasma production (cancellous bone) |
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Term
| Terms for bones and bone attachment sites |
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Definition
| Process, depression, cavities or holes |
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Term
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Definition
elevation or extension
ex. crest, condyle, head, spine, tubercle, trochanter |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. sulcus, fissure, groove, fossa, neck |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. Meatus, foramen, sinus |
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Term
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Definition
Joining or union of structures
Bone to bone, cartilage to cartilage
named by type/amount of movement |
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Term
|
Definition
Fibrous or Synarthrodial
Cartilaginous or Amphiarthrodial
Synovial or Diarthrodial |
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Term
| Fibrous or Synarthrodial joints |
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Definition
immovable joints
ex. Syndesmosis, sutures, gomphosis |
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Term
| Cartilaginous or Amphiarthrodial joints |
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Definition
Joints with cartilage between bones
Ex. Synchondrosis, Symphysis |
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Term
| Synovial or Diarthrodial joints |
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Definition
Joints with synovial fluid
Ex. Plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball and socket, ellipsoid or condyloid) |
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Term
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Definition
40% of body weight
contractile (creates movement)
never pushes, always pulls
Has an origin, course, insertion, and function
Fiber arrangement dictates function |
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Term
| Three types of muscle tissue |
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Definition
Striated or skeletal
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle |
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Term
| Striated or skeletal muscle |
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Definition
Voluntary/somatic muscle
Striped or striated appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconcious or involuntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Net-like, interconnected, involuntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| Communicative function. Includes neurons and glial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmit information neuron to neuron, neuron to muscle, sensory receptory or other cells |
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Term
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Definition
provide support and protection
Transfer nutrients, structure or insulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevation or extension, Elevation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| rounded point of articulation, elevation |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement of extremity of bone, elevation |
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Term
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Definition
| spike-shaped projection, elevation |
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Term
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Definition
| small, rounded protruberance, elevation |
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Term
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Definition
| knobs at top of femur, elevation |
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Term
|
Definition
| projection beyond the surface, elevation |
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Term
|
Definition
| larger, rounded protruberance, elevation |
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Term
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Definition
| groove, crevice, or furrow. Depression |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
narrow or contricted part of structure
Depression |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
tube or passageway
depression in Atlas, cavity in notes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cavity
Depression in Atlas, cavity in notes |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes vertebral column, rib cage, skull, and bones of face |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes pelvic and pectoral girdles, upper and lower extremities |
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Term
| Framework for respiratory system includes: |
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Definition
| Vertebral column, Rib cage, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle, trachea, bronchial tree |
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Term
| Features of vertebral column |
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Definition
32-33 vertebrae stacked vertically
Fibrocarilaginous discs between vertebrae (intervertebral discs) |
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Term
| Types of vertebrae and numbers |
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Definition
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused into sacrum)
3-4 coccygeal (fused into coccyx) |
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Term
| Basic structures of vertebrae |
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Definition
| Body (cancellous bone inside), pedicle (feet), transverse process, vertebral foramen, superior and inferior articular processes, spinous process |
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Term
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Definition
Atlas
supports skull for head rotation
posterior tubercle instead of spinous process
large superior articular face (joint with skull base
Large vertebral foramen (allows spinal cord to pass through) |
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Term
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Definition
Axis
Allows skull to pivot
has the Dens or Odontoid process
Small spinous process |
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Term
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Definition
Long spinous process
Transverse foramen - allows nerves and blood vessels to pass |
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Term
|
Definition
T1-T12
Large spinous and transverse processes
intervertebral foramen
no transverse foramen
costal facets |
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Term
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Definition
L1-L5
Large vertebrae
Large corpus
Smaller transverse and spinous rpocesses |
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Term
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Definition
Fused sacral vertebrae
Sacral foramina - passage for spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
Fused coccygeal vertebrae
Vestigial tail |
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Term
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Definition
Part of the appendicular skeleton
Connects lower extremities to axis
comprised of 2 coxal bones
Articulates with ilium posteriorly (sacroiliac joint) connects R/L ilia |
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Term
|
Definition
Ilium (iliac crest is attachment site for respiratory muscles)
Ischium
Pubic (merge anteriorly at pubic symphysis |
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Term
| Bony Pelvis comprised of: |
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Definition
| Sacrum, Coccyx, Coxal bones |
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Term
Pectoral girdle and
articulating points |
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Definition
Part of appendicular skeleton
Connects upper extremities to axis
also called shoulder girdle
includes clavicle and scapula
clavicle articulates medially with sternum but sternum is not part of girdle |
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Term
| Rib Cage and articulating points, type of joint |
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Definition
Part of axial skeleton
has 12 pairs of ribs
All 12 ribs articulate posteriorly with vertebral column (diarthrodial gliding joints)
Have different anterior attachments |
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Term
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Definition
| Shaft (body), head (attaches to vertebrae), neck, angle/costal angle (abrupt change in curvature of rib; curves downward) |
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Term
|
Definition
True ribs - vertebrosternal
Connection via chondral (cartilaginous portion) directly to sternum |
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Term
|
Definition
False ribs - vertebrochondral
Connection to sternum via common cartilaginous portion |
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Term
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Definition
Floating ribs - Vertebral
No anterior connection |
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Term
|
Definition
Part of axial skeleton
Manubrium, Corpus (body), Xiphoid process/ensiform process |
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Term
Manubrium
(parts and joint info) |
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Definition
Sternal (suprasternal) notch
Clavicular notch
Joint between manubrium and R1 is a synchondrosis |
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Term
Corpus (body)
(articulations and joint info) |
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Definition
Articulation points for chondral portions of ribs 2-10
Joints between corpus and ribs are synovial |
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Term
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Definition
| no connection to ribs, but attachment to diaphragm |
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Term
| Lower respiratory tract includes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Windpipe
11cm tube comprised of 16-20 C-shaped rings that open posteriorly
Rings spaced apart; fibroelastic membrane runs between and across them
Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium lines the inside of trachea
Goblet cells secrete mucous; cilia beat mucous up toward larynx
structure of trachea allows for expansion but also rigidity to prevent collapse
bifurcate (split) at Carina |
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Term
Bronchial divisions
(bronchial tree and muscle) |
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Definition
increasing amount of smooth muscle tissue as tree divides
two main stem bronchi (primary
Pierce lungs at hilum
secondary/lobar bronchi - 3 in R lobe, 2 in L lobe
Tertiary/segmental bronchi (corresponds with # of segments in lobes)
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli |
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Term
|
Definition
site of gas exchange.
Type II cells produce surfactant, number increases until age 8 |
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Term
Lungs
(bronchi pierce at? further division take place? muscular/texture?) |
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Definition
Main stem bronchi pierce lungs at the hilum and all further divisions take place within the lungs
nonmuscular, spongy, elastic, passive |
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Term
| Pleural linings (pleurae) |
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Definition
Outer layer is parietal/costal pleura
Inner layer is visceral pleura
Airtight space between the two layers
intrapleural cavity/space is filled with a serous fluid (pleural fluid) that decreases surface tension to allow for gliding without friction |
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Term
| Mediastinum (middle space) |
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Definition
| Contains heart, esophagus, nerves, blood vessels, and nerves that innervate diaphragm, heart |
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Term
Respiratory tract
(function) |
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Definition
gas exchange (carbon dioxide for oxygen)
Protection (mucous membranes, cilia) |
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Term
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Definition
Right is larger but short to accommodate liver
Left smaller but longer to accomodate heart
Smaller than internal thoracic cavity |
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Term
| Lungs (coverings, connections, inside linings) |
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Definition
Covered with double layer of pleural tissue
connected to diaphragm and ribs via pleural linkage (vacuum between two layers of pleurae
Pleural linkage binds lungs to rib cage and superior surface of diaphragm |
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Term
Diaphragm
(shape, function) |
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Definition
1 unpaired muscle
inverted bowl shape
separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
thin, musculotendinous sheet.
contains central tendon |
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Term
| Diaphragmatic Hiatuses (holes) |
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Definition
Aortic Hiatus
Esophageal Hiatus
Foramen Vena Cava |
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Term
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Definition
Costal: attaches to Ribs 7-12
Sternal: attaches to Xiphoid Process
Vertebral: attaches as L1-L4 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Contraction flattens dome, increases size of thoracic cavity and compresses abdominal cavity.
Volume of lungs gets bigger, lungs get pulled down |
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Term
External Intercostal Muscles
(location, origin, insertion, function, number) |
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Definition
Inhalation: anterior thoracic
11 pairs
O: inferior surface of ribs 1-11
I: superior surface of the next rib
F: Elevate ribs, provide rigid structure for intercostal spaces
runs all the way to vertebral column but stops short of the cartilogous junction.
front pocket muscles |
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Term
Respiration (gas exchange)
includes |
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Definition
Inhalation/inspiration
Exhalation/expiration |
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Term
Primary muscles of inhalation
(list, no details) |
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Definition
| Diaphragm, external intercostals, interchondral portion of internal intercostals. |
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Term
Accessory (secondary) muscles of inhalation - Ventral/Anterior Thoracic
(list, no details) |
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Definition
1. Pectoralis major
2. Pectoralis minor
3. Subclavius
4. Serratus anterior |
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Term
| Accessory muscles of inhalation - Neck |
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Definition
1. Scalenus anterior
2. Scalenus medius
3. Scalenus posterior
4. Sternocleidomastoid |
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Term
| Accessory muscles of inhalation - Posterior thoracic/Dorsal thorax |
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Definition
1. Lateral iliocostalis cervicis
2. Lateral iliocostalis thoracis
3. Latissimus doris
4. Levator costarum brevis
5. Levator costarum longus
6. Serratus posterior superior |
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Term
| Primary muscles of forced exhalation - abdominals |
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Definition
1. External obliques
2. Internal obliques
3. Rectus abdominus
4. Transverse abdominus
Mnemonic: TIRE |
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Term
| Secondy muscles of forced exhalation |
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Definition
1. Internal intercostals
2. Lateral iliocostalis (lumborum) (works in conjunction with thoracis
3. Latissimus dorsi
4. Quadratus lumborum
5. Serratus posterior inferior
6. Subcostals (not on test)
7. Transverse thoracis
Mnemonic: Stop, It TQLLS (tickles) |
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Term
| Innervation of respiratory muscles |
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Definition
Phrenic nerve = diaphragm
Intercostal nerves = intercostals
Damage to nerves at C3-C5 result in paralysis of diaphragm, requires use of ventilator to breath. |
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Term
Internal intercostals (interchondral portion)
(origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: Inferior surface of Ribs 1-11
I: Superior surface of next lower rib
F: elevate ribs
11 pairs |
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Term
| Pectoralis major (origin, insertion, function, primary function) |
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Definition
O: Lateral sternum and anterior clavicle
I: Proximal Humerus
F: Elevate sternum and rib cage
Primary Function: movement of arm, fixation of arm -> elevation of rib cage |
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Term
| Pectoralis minor (origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: Anterior surface of ribs 2-5
I: Superior Scapula
F: elevate ribs |
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Term
| Serratus Anterior (origin, insertion, function, primary function) |
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Definition
O: Ribs 1-9 laterally
I: Inner surface of scapula
F: Elevate ribs 1-9
Primary Function: movement of shoulder |
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Term
| Latissimus Dorsi (origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: lumbar, sacral and lower thoracic vertebrae, ribs 10-12
I: proximal humerous bone
F: elevate lower ribs |
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Term
| Lateral Iliocostalis (regions) |
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Definition
1. cervicis (cervical region)
2. Thoracics (thoracic region)
3. Lumborum (lumbar region) |
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Term
| Lateral iliocostalis cervicis (origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: superficial surface of ribs 3-6
I: C4-C6
F: elevates upper ribs |
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Term
| Lateral iliocostalis thoracis (origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: superior surface of ribs 7-12
I: inferior surface of ribs 1-6
F: stabilize posterior rib cage |
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Term
Levatores costarum - brevis (shorter)
(origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: transverse processes C7-T11
I: next lower rib
F: elevate ribs 1-12 |
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Term
Levatores Costarum - longus (longer)
(origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: transverse processes T7-T10
I: 2nd lower rib
F: elevate ribs 9-12 |
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Term
| Serratus posterior superior |
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Definition
O: Spinous processes C7, T1-T3
I: Ribs 2-5 just beyond angle
F: elevate ribs 2-5 |
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Term
Scalenes (anterior medial, posterior)
(origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: Transverse processes C2-C7
I: superior surface of ribs 1-2
F: Elevate ribs 1-2
used for Clavicular breathing |
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Term
| Sternocleidomastoid (origin, insertion, function) |
|
Definition
O: sternal head: manubrium of sternum, clavicular head: superior surface of clavicle
I: Mastoid process
F: bilateral contraction - elevate sternum and clavicle and elevate rib cage
Unilateral contraction - turn head in opposite direction |
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Term
| Forced Exhalation (what does it do?) |
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Definition
Reduce Anterior-Posterior capacity (pull down on rib cage)
Reduce superior/inferior capacity (abdominals push upward) |
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Term
|
Definition
Insertion points along rib cage and pelvic girdle
No body structure anteriorly |
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Term
|
Definition
large flat tendinous sheath
insertion point for abdominal muscles |
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Term
Anterior abdominal aponeurosis
(features) |
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Definition
Linea alba "white line" - runs from xihpoid process to pubic symphisis
Linea Semilunaris - lateral to linea alba, just lateral to rectus abdominis |
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Term
| Posterior abdominal aponeurosis (features) |
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Definition
Lumbodorsal Fascia - also known as thoracolumbar fascia
connection between muscles and vertebral column |
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Term
| Abdominal muscles (what they do) |
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Definition
compress abdomen -> organs press superiorly into diaphragm to reduce superior-inferior volume
depress ribe cage -> reduce A-P volume |
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Term
| Transverse Abdominis (origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
Deepest of anterior abdominal muscles
O: inner surface of ribs 6-12, diaphragm, transverse thoracis
I: Aponeurosis (Linea semilunaris)
F: compress abdomen |
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Term
| Internal oblique adbominis (origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: inguinal ligament and iliac crest
I: anterior portion of ribs 10-12 and linea alba
F: depress lower ribs, compress abdomen
(back pocket) |
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Term
| External oblique abdominis (origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: posterior surface of ribs 5-12
I: iliac crest, abdominal aponeurosis
F: depress lower ribs, compress abdomen
Most superficial and largest abdominal muscles |
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Term
| Rectus Abdominis (origin, insertion, function, features) |
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Definition
O: pubic bone
I: xiphoid process, cartilage of ribs 5-7
F: depress lower ribs and compress abdomen
Compartmentalized into rectangular portions (6-pack abs)
Run just lateral to midline/linea alba |
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Term
| Lateral Iliocostalis Lumborum (origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: lumbodorsal fascia, lumbar vertebrae, posterior ilium
I: inferior surface of ribs 7-12
F: Depress lower ribs |
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Term
Internal intercostals (interosseous portion)
(origin, insertion, function |
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Definition
O: inferior surface of ribs 1-11
I: superior surface of rib below
F: depress ribs 1-11 |
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Term
| Transversus Thoracis (origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: inner surface of sternum, xiphoid process, ribs 5-7
I: inner chondral surface of ribs 2-6
F: depress rib cage |
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Term
Serratus posterior inferior
(origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: spinous process of T11-T12, L1-L3
I: lower surface of ribs 8-12
F: depress lower rib cage |
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Term
| Quadratus Lumborum (origin, insertion, function) |
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Definition
O: Iliac crest
I: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, inferior border of rib 12
F: fixes adbominal wall for abdominal compression, depresses 12th rib |
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Term
| Lateral Iliocostalis Thoracis (origin, insertion, function) for exhalation |
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Definition
O: superior surface of ribs 7-12
I: inferior surface of ribs 1-6
F: stabilize posterior rib cage |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Pectoralis Major
3. Rectus Abdominus
4. External Oblique
5. Transversus Abdominis
6. Internal Oblique
8. Pectoralis Minor
9. External Intercostals
10. Internal Intercostals
11. Serratus Anterior |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Sternocleidomastoid
2. Scalenus anterior
3. scalenus medius
4. Scalenus posterior |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Lateral iliocostalis cervicis
2. Lateral iliocostalis thoracis
3. Lateral iliocostalis lumborum
4. Quadratus lumborum |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Serratus posterior superior
2. Levator costarum longus
3. Levator costarum brevis
4. Serratus posterior inferior |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Internal intercostals
2. Transversus Thoracis |
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