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| positive charge on one side, negative on other |
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| non-ionic: does not dissociate into ions |
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| one atom loses an electron and becomes positively charged, while one atom gains an electron and becomes negatively charged |
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| CO-; keytones, organic acids, aldehydes |
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| form of element that differs in the number of neutrons their atoms carry |
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electrons are shared unequally: the atom that attracts the electrons more strongly carries a partial negative charge.
Atom deprived of electrons carries a slightly positive charge. |
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| Water's polarity makes it easy to... |
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| adhere to ions and weaken their attractions |
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| polar molecules that associate readily with water. |
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| nonpolar substances excluded by water |
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| attractions between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative atoms sharing ina different covalent bond |
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| water's ability to moderate temperature |
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| many other molecules easily dissolve in it |
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| water molecules have a tendency to resist separating from one another |
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| 10x increase in H+ molecules |
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| Carbonic acid + Bicarbonate |
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| set of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by alternately donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH. |
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| When hydrogen bonds break (water)... |
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| heat is released...(water) |
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| when hydrogen bonds form...(water) |
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| Four major classes of organic molecules |
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| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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| dehydration synthesis reaction/condensation reaction |
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| when water components are added |
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| polymers are assembled from monomers by... |
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| dehydration synthesis reaction |
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| carbohydrate polymers w/ more than 10 linked monosaccharide monomers |
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| most common monosaccharides |
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glyceraldehyde (3 carbons)
ribose (5 carbons)
mannose (6 carbons) |
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| formed by a glycosidic bond linking 2 glucose molecules w/ oxygen as a bridge |
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| Most common polysaccharides |
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| polymers of hundreds or thousands of glucose units |
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| stored and used as an energy source |
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| serve as hormones that regulate cell activities |
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| contains a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group |
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| 1-3 phosphate groups, nitrogenous base formed by rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms, 5-carbon, ring shaped sugar |
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| A & G: nitrogenous bases with 2 carbon-nitrogen rings |
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| U, T, C: 1 carbon-nitrogen ring |
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| sugar-phosphate backbones |
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| nitrogenous bases, which extend inward from the sugars toward the center of the helix |
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| info transcribed from DNA, holds infor for protein in translation |
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| main compartment of ribosomes where polypeptide chains are made |
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| delivers amino acids to ribosomes |
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| what happens in transcription |
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| the enzymes use the nucleotide sequence to create a complementary strand of RNA (from the DNA) |
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| info carried in mRNA is decoded into an amino acid series. results in a polypeptide chain that folds into a protein |
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| adds nucleotides to the transcript |
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