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Definition
| The tendency for characteristics that contribute to the survival of a species to persist and those that do not to disappear |
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| Order evolves from _____ without __________ |
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Definition
| Order evolves from disorder without intelligent intervention |
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Definition
| abrupt changes in genes, could be caused by disease/virus/etc |
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| a relationship between a specific event & a simple response to that event |
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Definition
- present at birth or appear at predictable stages of development
- appear in virtually all members of a species |
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Definition
| an increase in the intensity or probability of a reflex response resulting from earlier exposure to stimulus that elicits that response |
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Definition
| a decrease in intensity or probability of a reflex response resulting from repeated exposure to a stimulus that elicits that response |
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Definition
| a series of interrelated acts found in all or nearly all members of a species (i.e. cat bristling & hissing when scared) |
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| True or false: there are no Modal Action Patterns in humans |
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Definition
| True; they are not thoughtful actions and are triggered by a releaser (any stimulus that reliably elicits a MAP) |
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Definition
| any behavioral tendency that is strongly influenced by genes (Ex: activity level, aggression, introversion) |
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Term
| How are GBTs different from MAPs? |
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Definition
| GBT's triggers vary from organism to organism. Plasiticty of the behavior also varies, while a MAP is a reaction that happens the same way each time |
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| Limits of Natural Selection |
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Definition
- slow process, takes generations
- Can't help living beings cope with change
- role of learning |
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| Ways to measure a change in behavior: |
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Definition
1. errors
2. topography
3. intensity
4. speed
5. latency
6. rate/frequency |
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Term
| Problems with case studies: |
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Definition
1. specific to just that subject
2. can't generalize results
3. data collected mostly through self-reports
4. prolonged data collection time needed |
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Term
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Definition
| a study in which a researcher manipulates one or more variables and measures the effects of this manipulation on one or more variables |
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Definition
| the IV varies across 2 or more groups of subjects |
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Definition
| IV varies at different time for same group |
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Term
| higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| a variation of classical conditioning in which a stimulus is paired with a well-established condition stimulus instead of an unconditioned stimulus (food/metronome/salivation example) |
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Definition
| the CS begins and ends before the US is presented (buzzer--> puff of air) (another example: thunder & lightning) |
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Term
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Definition
| the CS and US overlap (Ex.: buzzer-->puff of air before buzzer ends) |
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Term
| simultaneous conditioning |
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Definition
| the CS and US coincide exactly |
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Term
| Simultaneous & Backward conditioning (are/are not) effective? |
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Definition
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Definition
| the CS follows the US (Ex.: puff of air --> buzzer) |
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Definition
a dependency between events (If x, then Y.)
(rat example; you need the 2 things to occur together) |
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Term
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Definition
In real life, the stimuluses aren't always paired together. Sometimes they're not present at all or paired with a completely different stimulus.
(Ex.: how we make impressions/judgements of people) |
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Definition
| refers to the closeness in time or space between 2 invents. |
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Term
| The ________ ________ is the time between the CS and the US. |
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Definition
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Term
| the ____ the time between the CS and US, the more learning that occurs |
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Definition
| shorter. exception is the simultaneous conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| two stimuli that are presented simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| the failure of a stimulus that is part of a compound stimulus to become a CS |
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Term
| conditioning is the most effective when both the CS and US affect ________ senses |
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Definition
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Definition
| the failure of a conditioned response to appear as a result of prior presentation of the CS in the absence of the US. because you've experienced the CS so many times before, its affect doesn't change. |
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Definition
| the failure of a stimulus to become a CS when it is part of the stimulus that includes an effective conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Term
| Difference between overshadowing and blocking? |
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Definition
| Overshadowing occurs because one is stronger than the other, blocking occurs because you've encountered one of the stimuli beforehand |
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Definition
| a procedure in which two neutral stimuli are paired, after which one is repeatedly paired with an US |
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Definition
| a combo of errors & rate or the number of correct responses per minute (example: math problems) |
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Definition
| anything that affects a dependent variable & may unintentionally vary between the studies' different experimental conditions |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| a stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without learning |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| a response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex |
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Term
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| a stimulus hat elicits a response only after learning has taken place |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| a response that has been learned |
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Term
| problem with the stimulus-substitution theory |
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Definition
| the UCR and the CR are not always the same, and it can't account for latent inhibition, blocking, or extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| the procedure of repeatedly presenting the CS without the US (extinction is forgetting) |
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Term
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Definition
There is a limit to the amount of conditioning that can occur in the pairing of two stimuli. (remember what each part of the equation represents & what you know from the equation)
the of the formula result is the amount of learning that has occurred on that trial |
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Term
| problem with Rescorla-Wagner Model |
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Definition
| you can't specify C in advance of experiment and it doesn't account for latent inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| different features of a stimulus make them a better candidate to be a CS |
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Term
| shorter time period between intervals usually indicate that it is the time between ________ |
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Definition
| the CS and US, not the time between the trials themselves (so it would contiguity, not intertrial interval) |
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Term
| difference between blocking and overshadowing |
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Definition
| overshadowing deals w/intensity of stimulus, blocking is prior exposure to a stimulus |
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Term
| difference between blocking and sensory preconditioning |
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Definition
blocking: paired with a UCS before made a compound stimulus
sensory preconditioning: paired with a UCS after made a compound stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| pairing fear with something comforting/that you enjoy to get over the fear |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| pairs fear with relaxation techniques, building up the stimulus (fear) |
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Term
| conditioning and advertising: |
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Definition
| the classical conditioning method DOES work in advertising. negative news stories affect the consumer's thoughts of products advertised during the commercial breaks. |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual arousal to objects, situation, or individuals that are not part of normative stimulation |
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Term
| People develop paraphilia when ___ are paired with ____ |
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Definition
| various stimuli with sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| pairing a CS (usually a sexual paraphilia) paired with a negative repines, i.e. nausea. |
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Term
| Reduction In Errors vs Change in Topography |
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Definition
| Reduction in Errors happens when someone continually completes the task with less mistakes each times, while Change in Topography occurs when the subject's completion of the task becomes more and more accurate to the original. (mirror tracing task example) |
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Term
| Change in Intensity vs Change in Speed |
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Definition
| The force it requires to push a lever/ring a bell/etc, vs How quickly the task is completed |
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Term
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Definition
There is a limit to the amount of conditioning that can occur in the pairing of two stimuli.
Rate of learning formula: know what the parts mean |
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