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| A variable other than the independent variable that can affect the dependent variable. |
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| Observation of a behavior in the most natural enviornment for the person/thing being observed possible - eg. without manipulating any variables. |
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| An explination using an integrated set of principals that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. |
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One of the biggest arguments in psychology over whether traits are inherited from ancestors/parents (nature), or if they are learned (nurture). It is estimated that it is about a 50/50 split.
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Neurons in the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between sensory imputs and motor outputs.
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| A measure of how well one variable can predict another. Measured from -1 (perfect negative correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation). |
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| Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure. |
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Pioneered the study of learning. Discovered classical conditioning. |
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| Study of how our subconscious is affected by childhood experiences and how both affect our behavior. |
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| Study method: Survey, Question, Read Retrieve, Review, |
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| Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands - "efferent" |
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| Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord - "afferent" |
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| Curiosity, skepticism, humility |
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| Self-testing and rehearsal of previously learned material. |
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| Asking something of someone and recording their behavior or answers, with the intention of building the knowledge base. |
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| Chemical messengers in the body which tell organs, muscles and other body parts what to do. |
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| Drugs that block the reuptake of a particular hormone and increase the concentration of the hormone's molecules in the synaptic gap - used when there is an undersupply of a particular hormone. Eg. SSRI for depression treatment. |
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| John Watson and B.F. Skinner believed psychology is the study of observable behavior and redefined the field as such. |
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Influences movement, mood, learning, attention, etc
Too much can result in schizophrenia, too little can lead to Parkinson's |
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| Sending of info through the neuron. A threshold needs to be met in order for an action potential to happen, after which there is a refractory period. Exactly like an orgasm |
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The body's electrochemical communication system.
Nervous System
Central Nervous system Periphreal Nervous System
Spinal Cord and Brain Autonomic Somatic
Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
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A major excitory neurotransmitter involved in memory.
Am over supply can over stimulate the brain and lead to migranes and seisures -> most people avoid MSG in their food for this reason. |
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| Most influential observer of children. |
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Major inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Undersupply linked to tremors, seizures, and insomnia. |
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Helps control alertness and arousal.
Undersupply can depress mood. |
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| Info goes from the dendrites, through the cell body (soma) to the axon, through to the axon terminals. |
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| Front of the neuron - receives the info. |
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| Scientific study of behavior and mental processes formed from ideas from philosophy and scientific processes from biology. |
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| Behaviorist. Responsible for the Baby Albert experiments working with Rosalie Raymer |
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Allows muscles to contract and helps with memory and learning.
Deterioration of neurons that produce ACH can lead to Alzheimer's. |
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Study of how our emotional needs being met or unsatisfied affects our behavior and what environmental influences affect whether or not our needs are met.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. |
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Developed by psychologists.
Urges investigators to treat patient's information confidentially. |
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Titchner used introspection to discover the mind's structure.
Wundt started structuralism with his reflex tests. |
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| Dependent and Independent variables |
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| Independent variable is adjusted to measure the response in the dependent variable. |
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| Level of analysis which integrates the biological, psychological and social-cultural factors that contribute to a phenomenon. |
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| Studying a child in their natural environment while not effecting their behavior; aims to solve practical problems. |
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| Help people cope in times of need to improve their personal and social functioning |
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School of thought influenced by Darwin and promoted by William James.
Studied the functions of the brain, like sense of smell and saw them as adaptive traits.
Explored emotions, memories, willpower, habits and streams of consciousness |
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Influences mood, arousal, hunger, sleep.
Too little can lead to depression |
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| Assess and treat mental and emotional health issues and behavioral disorders without drugs. |
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| First woman to receive a PhD in the field of psychology; second woman president of the APA. |
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First woman to complete all the requirements to earn a PhD, however didn't receive one until much later.
First woman president of the American Psychological Association (APA) |
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Slower, chemical communication system in the body.
Pituitary gland is the most influential part of this system and it stimulates growth.
Other important components are the Hypothalamus, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Adrenals, Pineal Body, and Reproductive organs. The Pancreas is also included as part of the endocrine system |
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Made up of 2 parts - sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic is stimulating and in charge of the fight or flight response.
Parasympathetic is calming and in charge of relaxing your body after a threat is removed. |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Made up of the Autonomic and Somatic Nervous systems.
Autonomic - involuntary muscle movement - like heartbeat.
Somatic - voluntary movement. |
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| Provide psychotherapy, are medical doctors and can administer drugs, and treat other physical causes/symptoms of psychological disorders. |
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Led by Martin Seligman and others.
Explores positive emotions, character traits and enabling institutions. |
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| Founder of Psychology. First person on record to employ a psychological test by testing people's reflexes in Germany. Started psychology with the idea of Structuralism. |
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| Uses technology to study brain activity. |
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| Studies how we perceive, process and remember information and why we get anxious or depressed - uses behavioral methods because the technology available today wasn't invented when the field was founded. |
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| Hypnosis, daydreaming and meditation. |
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