Term
|
Definition
| A vaccine works by introducing an attenuated disesase into a person to allow them to build their own immunity to a more virulent version or other diesases. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity. |
|
Definition
| Humoral immunity means the body fights infections from the serum. Here in the serum are immunoglobulins also referred to as antibodies. They are soluble components that neutralize foreign threats. If you give someone a dose of antibodies from another animal then this is a passive humoral immunity since it was not made by the intended receiptent. Other forms of passive humoral immunity is breast feeding. |
|
|
Term
| hematopoietic stem cells can turn into what two types of progenitors? |
|
Definition
1. Lymphoid progenitors
2. myeloid progenitors |
|
|
Term
| what are the three different types of stem cells? Describe how they are different. |
|
Definition
| Actually there are only two different types of stem cells. 1. Embryonic stem cells and 2. adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are only during embyrotic stages and can form into anything. Adult stem cells are limited and generate only specific tissue. hematopoietic stem cells are a type of adult stem cell. |
|
|
Term
| When a monocyte moves out of the blood it becomes a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelets are fragments of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the progenitor precursor to neutrophils and monocytes? |
|
Definition
| granulocyte-monocyte progenitor. |
|
|
Term
| the initial site of hematopoiesis. At what months gestation does this last |
|
Definition
| yolk site - up to 3 months |
|
|
Term
| Hematopoiesis then is primarily where during gestation after 3 months till? |
|
Definition
| Liver and spleen 3 months-7months |
|
|
Term
| When does hematopoeisis begin in long bones and when does it end? |
|
Definition
| begins around 5 months gestation and ends prior to 30 years of age |
|
|
Term
| red bone marrow in spongy bone is location of hematopoeisis. What bones are in this category? 5x |
|
Definition
1. vertebrae
2. sternum
3. ribs
4. pelvis
5. cranium |
|
|
Term
| where is the thymus located? |
|
Definition
| superior to heart and over the trachea. |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the thymus over time? |
|
Definition
| the thymus decreases in size over time. It peaks at 10 years old when the immune system is being strengthened. |
|
|
Term
| how can a B and T cell become a memory and/or effector cell? |
|
Definition
| B and T cells as secondary lymph tissues proliferate into memory and/or effector cells in the presence of Ag (antigens) |
|
|
Term
| describe anatomy of lymph nodes and how they act as secondary lymph tissue sites for B and T cells to proliferate |
|
Definition
| lymph tissue has incoming (Afferent) Lymph fluid that enters the lymph node. In the lymph node there are B cell zones known as follicles on the perimeter. In the inner later wrapping around the cortex is the T cell zone known as paracortex. Lymph fluid entering contains antigens amongst other products. These antigens interact with the T and B cell zones and cause further proliferation into memory and effector cells. The interaction and now lymphocytes effect the lymph node via efferent lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| how does the spleen act as a 2nd site for lymphatic organs? |
|
Definition
| Has no direct connections with spleen. But in the areas of its white pulp contains B and T cells |
|
|
Term
| does the spleen contain lymphatic tissue or vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 99% of antigens are removed from the body where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are secondary lymphoid organs? |
|
Definition
| T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells and granulocytes encounter antigens and initiate immune responses in the microenvironment of secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) all SLO share a similar encapsulated fibrous structure except for MALT. |
|
|
Term
| myeloid cells develop primarily where? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow just like b lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| How do innate and adaptive immune response systems communicate? |
|
Definition
| by cytokines which are cell surface ligandsthat bind to receptors of the immune responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemokine is a subset of a cytokine which works by chemical communication to draw in the cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems. |
|
|
Term
| why do we give booster shots? |
|
Definition
| Booster shots re-expose the person's immunes system to more antigen in order to restrengthen the person's protective immune system by illiciting the adaptive immune response. |
|
|
Term
| immune dysfunction falls into what three categories? List examples for each |
|
Definition
1. hypersensitivity: allergies, asthma
2. autoimmune disease: erroneous targeting of self-proteins or tissues by immune cells. examples include MS, Crohns disease, Rheumatoid arthritis.
3. immune deficiency: not enough of the immune response to protect you. |
|
|
Term
| hypersensitivty reactions can be mediated by both ___ and ___ Cells. The most common causes of anaphylaxis is by? |
|
Definition
| Antibodies and T cells mediate hypersensitivity reactions. Anaphylaxis is mediated by a type of antibody known as IgE. |
|
|
Term
| humoral immunity combats pathogens via? |
|
Definition
| antibodies produced by B cells found in bodily fluids. |
|
|
Term
| Cell mediated immunity involves primarily? |
|
Definition
| antigen specific T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| delayed type hypersensitivty reaction caused by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adaptive immunity relies upon surface receptors called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Memory cells are residual B and T cells that remain after antigen exposure |
|
|
Term
| Name two primary lymphoid organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the five fucntionally specialized, mature blood cells that come from hematopoietic stem cells |
|
Definition
1. red blood cells
2. granulocytes
3. macrophages
4. dendritic cells
5. lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Which stem cells are also known as pluripotent? |
|
Definition
| embryonic stem cells. Since they have capacity to generate every type of specialized cell |
|
|
Term
| Hematopoietic stem cells are limited and decrease over age T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a massive proliferation of hematopoeitic stem cells? |
|
Definition
1. infections
2. after chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
| what are the two lineage lines that a hematopoietic stem cell can undergo hematopoiesis and become>? |
|
Definition
1. Common myeloid erythroid progenitor (CMP) --> all red blood cells, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages
2. Common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)-->NK cells, B cells, T cells |
|
|
Term
| Myeloid cells and NK cells are part of what immune system |
|
Definition
| innate. First to respond. |
|
|
Term
| What commonality do both myeloid and lymphoid lineages of the hematopoietic stem cells give rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mature antibody secreting B cells are also called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does bone marrow only contain immature b cells and myeloid cells? |
|
Definition
| NO. Mature cells can return. Hence why bone marrow transplants are so beneficial. |
|
|
Term
| Immature T cells are also called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do most thymocytes survive maturation? |
|
Definition
| no most die 95% due to affinity issues with binding to MHC. All this occurs in different environments of the thymus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what four cells develop to maturity in the bone marrow |
|
Definition
1. B cells
2. Monocytes
3. dendritic cells
4. granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| T cells, B cells and myeloid cells mature in primary organs but in the secondary organs is where what happens? |
|
Definition
| So in 2nd organs they are out in the periphery and exposed to circulating antigens. By binding with specific antigens they then initiate immune responses. The whole point of the 2nd lymphoid organs is to be wide spread out and act as a warning system / filter for the body. So your 2nd lymphoid organs are you lymph nodes, skin (MALT), Spleen ect..high blood flow areas or areas with high exposure to possible incursions of pathogens. |
|
|
Term
| What two secondary lymphoidal organs are encapsulated from the rest of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is MALT? What is included in MALT |
|
Definition
| MALT stands for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Associated with GI, Resp, tonsils, peyer's pathes, appendix, and lymphoid follicles in the lamina of the intestines and upper airways. |
|
|
Term
| All secondary lymphoid organs share what 2x important features |
|
Definition
1. all have anatomically distinct regions of T and B cell activity
2. All have deveveloped lymphoid follicles responsible for development of B cells which will eventually produce antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| primary vessels of the lympathic system have walls consisting of? |
|
Definition
| single layers of endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Most lympahtic vessels empty into? |
|
Definition
| Thoracic duct which enters into the left subclavian. |
|
|
Term
| all immune cells that traffic through tissues, blood and lymph nodes are giuded by small molecules known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hematopoietic stem cells can give rise to two main blood cell porgenitors which are? |
|
Definition
1. myeloid progenitors
2. lymphoid progenitors |
|
|
Term
| Four main types of cells develop from common myeloid progenitors which are? What do those then form into? |
|
Definition
1. RBCs (Eryhtrocytes)
2. Monocytes. -> macrophages, myeloid dendritic cells
3. Granulocytes: -> neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and mast cells.
4. megakaryocytes: -> Platelets |
|
|
Term
| What role do dendritic cells play in the immune system |
|
Definition
| their immature self can bind to antigens from one location like the dermis of the skin for instance and then migrate to a lymphoid tissue elsewhere and present this antigen to T cells. |
|
|
Term
| The most potent antigen presenting cell to T cells are?> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cell precursors come from? Develop where? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow and develop in the thymus |
|
|
Term
| The compartmentalized parts of 2nd lymphoid organs have distinguished T cell and B cell areas referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells are found in what distinct areas of the spleen and the lymph node? |
|
Definition
| T cells are found in the paracortex of the lymph node and the periarteriolar sheath of the spleen. |
|
|
Term
| B cells are found in what distinct areas of the spleen and lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A specialized region in the spleen where a lot of macrophages and B cells are located as a first line of defense is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV infects what type of cell mediated immune cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complement falls under what type of immunity |
|
Definition
| innate and in the blood so its humoral |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of cell mediate, innate components of the immune system |
|
Definition
1. phagocytes
2. NK cells. |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are not specilized and constantly divide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of stem cells can generate all cell types? Whats another name for this type of stem cell? |
|
Definition
| embryonic stem cells, due to their ability to generate all cell types they are known as pluripotent |
|
|
Term
| hematopoietic stem cells can divide into what two major groups? |
|
Definition
1. myeloid progenitor cells
2. lymphoid progenitor cells |
|
|
Term
| a myeloid progenitor then can differentiate further into 5x |
|
Definition
1. dendritic cells
2. granulocyte progenitor
3. esoniophilic progenitor
4. basophilic progenitor
5. erythroid progenitor
6. megakaryocyte progenitor |
|
|
Term
| name the three types of cells that come from the granulocyte porgenitor |
|
Definition
1. monocytes
2. neutrophils
3. macrophages (comes from monocyte when leaves the blood)
4. dendritic (comes from monocyte or directly from myeloid progenitor ) |
|
|
Term
| what WBC is the culprit for asthma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do red blood cells activate the immune system? |
|
Definition
| if a RBC becomes damaged it releases free radicals which signal the innate immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of dendritic cell which is found in the interstitial |
|
|
Term
| what are the four main types of lymphoid WBC |
|
Definition
1. T lymphocytes
2. B lymphocytes
3. NK Cells
4. Lymphoid dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| The first place for hematopoieses is where and ends around what time? The second spot for hematopoieses is where and ends around? The third spot for hematopoiesis is where? Starts when and ends when? |
|
Definition
1. The very first spot for hematopoeisis is in the fetal yolk sac at conception and ends around 3 months.
2. The second spot is liver and spleen and that begins around 1 month and for a short time co-produced cells with the yolk sac. The liver and spleen stop at 7 months.
3. the third spot is the bone marrow at 4 months during which cells are produced in conjucntion with the liver/spleen. Bone marrow in long bones ends around 30 years of age while it continues in spongy bone over a life time (less is produced over time) |
|
|
Term
| Spongy bone contributes to hematopoiesis in what five bones of the body |
|
Definition
1. sternum
2. ribs
3. pelvis
4. cranium
5. Vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| The thymus is most active at what part of life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary lymphoid tissues are sites for further ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
| further proliferation and differentiation of B and T cells |
|
|
Term
| what organ removes 99% of the antigens in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does white pulp or red pulp in the spleen have significant immunological activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two classes of immune things promote proliferation |
|
Definition
1. growth factor
2. cytokines |
|
|
Term
| what WBCs have well defined granules |
|
Definition
1. neutrophils
2. eisonophils
3. basophils |
|
|
Term
| the three main functions of the innate immune system is to |
|
Definition
1. phagocytosis
2. secretions that kill microorganisms
3. secretion of inflammatory mediators |
|
|
Term
| Main function of phagocytosis (4x) |
|
Definition
1. remove foreign substances
2. remove apoptotic bodies
3. innate immunity and inflammation
4. breadown Ag to smaller fragments to present to T cells. |
|
|
Term
| list three killing mechanisms used by neutrophils and macrophages |
|
Definition
1. O2 dependent killing
2. O2 independent killing
3. extracellular killing via NO or TNF alpha |
|
|
Term
| If phagocytosis by neutrophils or macrophages decided to kill via O2 dependent pathways what four things could they secrete into the phagosome to kill what they caught (engulfed) |
|
Definition
1. superoxide
2. hydrogen peroxide
3. myeloperoxidase
4. hypochlorite |
|
|
Term
| If phagocytosis by neutrophils or macrophages decided to kill via O2 INDEPENDENT pathways what four things could they secrete into the phagosome to kill what they caught (engulfed) |
|
Definition
1. lactoferrins: (kill by removing heme)
2. lysozyme: enzymatic killing
3. defensins (cationic killing)
4. proteases (destroy proteins) |
|
|
Term
| eosinophils don't do alot of phagocytosis instead they release their granules to kill pathogens..why is this important to know about this diversity |
|
Definition
| Not all micro-organisms are small enough to engulfed by the process of phagocytosis therefore eosinophils can release toxic secretions that can kill large things like parasites |
|
|
Term
| How do NK cells kill pathogens? |
|
Definition
| They like eosinophils can kill by releasing toxic secretions. NK kill via perforins and granzymes |
|
|
Term
| lymphocytes make up % of WBC in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___% of all cells in lymph fluid is made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plasma cells are ____ cells which have undergone _____ |
|
Definition
| plasma cells are B cells which have undergone differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a TCR to work on a T cell you need what else |
|
Definition
| Need CD3 which has four distinct chains 2x epislon, 1 delta and 1 gamma. They forma TCR Complex with the T receptor. Signaling is possible from TCR binding with MHC/Ab via the long epislon tails which are intracellular. |
|
|
Term
| name the two types of TCR and what identifies them |
|
Definition
1. TCR-1 made up of gamma and delta polypeptide chains. less common
2. TCR-2 made up of alpha and beta polypeptide chains. |
|
|
Term
| TCR 2 with alpha and beta polypeptides are most commonly associated with CD __ and CD__ |
|
Definition
| CD 4 and CD 8. TCR2 most common in blood 90%. |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between MHC binding for CD4 and CD8? |
|
Definition
| MHC I binds with CD8 while MHC II directly binds with CD 4 |
|
|
Term
| what type of Thelper cell helps inhibit self reactive T cell cowboys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what T helper cell inhibits TH1 cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What T helper cell stimulates B cell proliferation and Antibody production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IL17 is secreted from ___ Cells and does what? |
|
Definition
| IL17 secreted from TH17 cells and tells epithelial cells to secrete chemokines and other chemotactic molecules |
|
|
Term
| how do natural killer cells recognize pathogens? |
|
Definition
| It recognizes cells with lack of MHC I on their surface and knowns they're foreign. |
|
|
Term
| what cells have antigen presenting characteristics |
|
Definition
1. dendritic cells
2. macrophages
3. B cells
4. endothelial cells or epithelial cells when stimulated |
|
|
Term
| lysozyme can be found in what front barrier of the innate immune system |
|
Definition
| in tears and saliva. As well as be secreted from cells. Good at killing gram negative bacteria walls. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three complement pathways |
|
Definition
1. alternative pathway (innate immunity)
2. lectin pathway (innate immunity)
3. Classical pathway (innate and adaptive immunity) |
|
|
Term
| what type of molecules class inhibit virus replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of antimicrobial proteins kill e coli on the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of antimicrobial proteins are surfactant proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SP-A and SP-D are what type of proteins |
|
Definition
| surfactant protein produced from Type II alveolar cells. They fall under the category of collectins. |
|
|
Term
| which bacteria has a double layer cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does gram - or + have glycoproteins/glycolipids in their cell membrane? Which one has liposaccaharids ? |
|
Definition
| Gram - has liposaccarides whiles Gram + has glycoproteins and glycolipids. |
|
|
Term
| interferon alpha/beta attaches to a receptor on cell wall and does what three things |
|
Definition
It interferes in pathogen's cell transcription resulting in:
1. inhibition of translation
2. mRNA degradation
3. Inhibition of viurs transcription and assembly |
|
|
Term
| the liver secretes what kind of porteins? They are in what class of PRR? |
|
Definition
| Liver secretes acute phase proteins which are soluble PRR |
|
|
Term
| what inflammatory mediators are responsible for chemotaxis |
|
Definition
1. C3a
2. C5a
3. LTB4
4. PG
5. Firbrinopeptides
6. PAF |
|
|
Term
| what inflammatory mediators are responsible for anaphylatoxin activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| initial inflammatory mediators form macrophages include __ and ___. Then what else comes and joins the party |
|
Definition
| at first IL-1 and IL-6 then TNF alpha comes too. |
|
|
Term
| Out of the three inflammatory mediators at the macrophage. which one increases Ig synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| source of vasoactive mediators comes from what type of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name some vasoactive mediators from mast cells |
|
Definition
1. histamine
2. serotonin
3. prostaglandins
4. leuoktrienes |
|
|
Term
| complement will do what 3 main things |
|
Definition
1. destroy pathogen membrane
2. stimulate inflammation
3. attact neutrophils and other cells. |
|
|
Term
| fibrinopeptides are created as a result of what two processes? What do they do? |
|
Definition
1. fibrinopeptides come along with fibrin clot creation
2. fibrinopeptides come along with clot lysis.
Fibrinopeptides result in increased vascular permeability and chemotaxis. |
|
|
Term
| Membrane phospholipids can be broken down by ______ into two things ___ and_____ |
|
Definition
| Membrane phospholipids can be broken down by phospholipase into arachidonic acid or Lyso-PAF. |
|
|
Term
| arachidonic acid can enter two pathways which are? |
|
Definition
| cyclooxygenase pathway or lipoxygenase pathway |
|
|
Term
| the cycloxygenase pathway results in what? |
|
Definition
| prostaglandins and thromboxane |
|
|
Term
| antibodies secreted by plasma cells are categorized based on their? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phagocytes can either directly recognize PAMPs on pathogens or recognize ? |
|
Definition
| soluble proteins that already bounded to antigens. (opsonins) |
|
|
Term
| Name all the families of PRR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which PRR recognizes mostly sugars and polysaccharids of bacteria and fungi |
|
Definition
| CLR C-type lectin receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RLR are a type of PRR which function in the cytosol of microbes by recognizing viral double stranded RNAs. |
|
|
Term
| What are NOD like receptors (NLRs) |
|
Definition
| A cytosol based PRR which becomes activated by PAMPS and DAMPS intracellular. |
|
|
Term
| The acute phase response (APR) invovles what things? |
|
Definition
1. synthesis and secretion of several antimicrobial proteins (MBL, CRP, complemenet components)
Results in activation of multiple processes. |
|
|
Term
| what unique TLR has been shown to move from the plasma membrane to endosomes/lysosomes after binding to PAMPs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of immune component is an indicator of ongoing inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokines are produced late by macrophages in response to PAMPs as a way to limit overall inflammation and eventually allow wound healing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TNF alpha and IL1 are very potent inflmamatory cytokines which activate what area in the brain to cause a negative feedback on their harmful inflammatory effects by releasing what?> |
|
Definition
| TNF alpha and IL-1 stimulate the hypothalamus which then is negative feedback to excessive inflammation by stimulating the adrenal medulla to secrete glucocorticoid hormones which act as potent anti-inflammatories to inhibit TNF alpha and IL-1. |
|
|
Term
| Th1 cells activate macrophages by signaling with |
|
Definition
| Th1 cells activate macrophages by signaling with IFN-gamma and displaying the protein CD40 ligand |
|
|
Term
| Th1 cells can recruit other phagocytes to the site of the infection in several ways such as |
|
Definition
| Th1 cells can recruit other phagocytes to the site of the infection in several ways. They secrete cytokines that act on the bone marrow to stimulate the production of monocytes and neutrophils, and they secrete some of the cytokines that are responsible for the migration of monocytes and neutrophils out of the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Activated macrophages play a potent role in tumor destruction by producing |
|
Definition
| Activated macrophages play a potent role in tumor destruction by producing TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen compounds, cationic proteins, and hydrolytic enzymes. |
|
|
Term
| _____normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, constituting 50% to 60% of the total circulating white blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Do neutrophils return to the blood after the infection is over? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils are ferocious eaters and rapidly engulf invaders coated with antibodies and complement, and damaged cells or cellular debris. Neutrophils do not return to the blood; they turn into pus cells and die |
|
|
Term
| in the blood most common wbcs are |
|
Definition
| neutrophils and monocytes |
|
|
Term
| Arachidonic acid is a precursor in the production of |
|
Definition
| Arachidonic acid is a precursor in the production of eicosanoids: |
|
|
Term
| slow reacting substance of anphylaxis include what? Made how? |
|
Definition
| LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 made from LTA4 from 5HETES part of the lipoxygenase pathway for arachidonic acid production. |
|
|
Term
| The alternate complement pathway begins how? |
|
Definition
| spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 into C3 A and C3B and the complement pathway continues normally. So C3 A contributes to Chemotaxis and anaphylactoxin activity. C3 B can either act as an opsonin or contributes to cleavage of C5 to C5a and C5b. C5a is a stronger chemotaxin and anaphylatoxin. C5b then binds to other molecules to form membrane attack complexes (C5b6789) which is responsible for cell lysis. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the classical pathway start for complement |
|
Definition
| Classical pathway starts by antibody / antigen bodies binding to the Fc region of C1q recetpor on C1. |
|
|
Term
| What other ways can the classical complement pathway be initiated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the lectin complement pathway begin...explain how it works |
|
Definition
| Lectin pathway via MBL for instance promotes C4b and C2a binding to prodcue C4bC2a (aka C3 convertase enzyme). This then allows the complement pathway to continue. C4bC2a cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b. |
|
|
Term
| the slow reacting substances of anaphlyaxis cause what sx |
|
Definition
1. increase vascularpermeability
2. vasodilation
3. bronchial constractions |
|
|
Term
| what is more bronchoconstrictive histamine or SRS-A |
|
Definition
| SRS-A is 5,000x more bronchoconstrictive to asthma patients |
|
|
Term
| arachdonic acid production can be stimulated by what disease or other pathologies |
|
Definition
1. cell lysis can stimulate production of arachdonic acid
2. ishchemia/injury can stimulate phospholipase A to make arachadonic acid from phospholipids
3. bradykinin can stimulate phosphoplipase C to make arachadonic acid from phospholipds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| via the Kallikrein system. First either tissue injury/trauma/ischemia or collagen and platelets activate the intrinsic system. This then stimulate prekallikrein to turn into kallikrein. Kallikrein then changes kinnogen into bradykinin and kallidin |
|
|
Term
| both the intrinisic and extrinisic pathways can start clotting cascade..explain |
|
Definition
they both stimulate the enzyme prothrombinase to activate prothrombin. Prothrombin activates thrombin which does two things:
Activates:
1. fibrinogen -->fibrin -->Fibrin clot
2. plasminogen-->Plasmin --> Cell lysis
Both pathways result in fibrinopeptide formation. Fibrinopeptides result in increase vascular permeability, chemotaxis of neutrophils and macrophages. |
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Term
| The urogenital tract innate mechanisms for protection include 5x |
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Definition
1. flushing by urine
2. aggregation by urinary mucins
3. low pH
4. anti-microbial peptides
5. proteins in vaginal secretions |
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Term
| airway and lungs innate immune defenses include 4x |
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Definition
1. cilia
2. coughing
3. sneezing
4. macrophages in alveoli of lungs |
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Term
| Large intestine innate immune defense includes? |
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Definition
1. normal intestinal flora competing with any invading microbes
2. fluid/feces eventually expelled along with microbes |
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Term
| Stomach natural innate immune defenses include |
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Definition
1. low pH
2. digestive enzymes
3. antimicrobial proteins (Just like urogenital tract, mouth,pharynx, skin, secretions)
4. fluid flow along GI tract (Microbes can't stick around for long)
4. |
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Term
| The skin's natural innate immune defenses include? 2x |
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Definition
1. antimicrobial peptides
2. fatty acids in the sebum |
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Term
| Which interleukin acts as a chemokine |
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Definition
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Term
| which interleukin acts as a cytokine to stop further inflammation? How does it doe this? |
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Definition
| IL-10 acts by blocking further macrophages and dendrites from contributing to adaptive immunity. It also stops IL-12 production and stops TH-1 Cells. |
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Term
| Name two interleukins that are pro-inflammatory and act on naive CD8, CD4 T cells and JNK cells? What do they illicit for further inflammation from themse? |
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Definition
| IL-12, IL-18 act on NK cells and CD8 and CD4 T cells to release IFN-gamma and induce TH1 cell production. |
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Term
| interferon alpha/beta acts as a cytokine by doing what |
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Definition
it causes intraceullar changes to transcription resulting in
1. mRNA degradation
2. inhibition of translation
3. inhibition of virus transcription and assembly |
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Term
| functions of complement system are? 4x |
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Definition
The following are the basic functions of complement:
Opsonization – enhancing phagocytosis of antigens
Chemotaxis – attracting macrophages and neutrophils
Cell Lysis – rupturing membranes of foreign cells
Agglutination – clustering and binding of pathogens together |
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Term
| IL-8 secreted after response to these two cytokines |
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Definition
1. IL-1
2. TNF-Alpha
IL-8 acts as a chemokine to attract neutrophils, basophils, T cells and immature dendritic cells |
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Term
| Mast cells contain these vasoactive meidators 4x |
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Definition
1. histamine
2. serotonin
3. prostaglandins
4. leuotrienes. |
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Term
| name three types of phospholipids that will be cleaved to arachidonic acid. |
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Definition
1. phospatidyl-CHOLINE
2.phosphatidyl-ETHANOLAMINE
3. Phospatidyl-INOSITOL |
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Term
| which cytokines cause increase adhesion |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference in the breakdown of cells by necrosis compared to apoptosis |
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Definition
| necrosis cells are disintegrated while in apoptosis cells undergo fragmentation, blebbing and phagocytosis. |
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Term
| CD3 makes signalling easier in T cells and they are needed with TCR to form the TCR complex. Each CD3 is made up of four chains which are? |
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Definition
1. two epsilon
2. one delta
3. one gamma |
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Term
| TCR 1 has ___ chains while TCR 2 has ____ chains |
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Definition
TCR-1: gamma and delta chains
TCR-2: alpha and beta chains |
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Term
T regulatory cells secrete?
T helper 1 cells secrete?
T helper 2 cells secrete? |
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Definition
T regulatory cells secrete: IL 10, TGFbeta
T helper 1 cells secrete? IL2, IFN-gamma, TNF Beta
T helper 2 cells secrete? IL4,5,6,9,10,13 |
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Term
| which category of t helper cells mediate more humoral immunity and b lymphocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| what t helper cells are known to contribute to delayed hypersensitivity reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| unlike B cell receptors, membrane bound immunoglobins bind to what part of pathogens |
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Definition
| to INTACT PATHOGEN while bcrs attach to antigen or smaller piece. |
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Term
| immmunoglobins have to binding spots known as? Located where |
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Definition
| Fab and Fc. The Fab is the fragment antigen binding spot where antigens attach. While the Fc part is the fragment crystalize part where it binds to the FcReceptors on NK cell or phagocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| its on NK cells and binds to antigens directly to kill them |
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