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Test 1 - Chaudhuri
plate tectonics, minerals, igneous rocks, volcanoes
80
Geology
Undergraduate 1
02/18/2012

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Term
Alfred Wegener
Definition
proposed theory of continental drift in the 1930's
Term
Continental theory was rejected because...
Definition
continents were thought to be incabalbe of sliding over solid surfaces
Term
Crust is...
Definition
thickest under continents and thinnest under oceans
Term
The aesthenoshpere lies within...
Definition
the upper mantle
Term
Paleomagnetism has revealed that...
Definition
the earths magnestic field has reversed several times
Term
Plate motions are governed by
Definition
convective mass transfer and gravitational sliding
Term
Relative to continental crust, ocean floor crust is...
Definition
much younger
Term
Modern crust is created by...
Definition
divergent plate boundaries
Term
The San Andreas Fault is...
Definition
a transform fault
Term
Appalachian and Himalayan Mountains represent...
Definition
plate convergence
Term
Island arcs are associated with...
Definition
ocean-ocean convergence
Term
Hotspots...
Definition
remain statonary as lithospheric plates move over them
Term
Lithosperic plates move and average of...
Definition
2-3 inches per year
Term
Spreading centers with the highest rate of movement are located...
Definition
along the East Pacific Rise
Term
The largest plate consisting of mostly oceanic material is...
Definition
the Pacific Plate
Term
Volcanoes are not likely found...
Definition
along transform plate boundaries
Term
The Hawaiian Islands are
Definition
not associated with plate boundaries
Term
The Earth's Radius
Definition
6371 km
Term
Density of the Earth
Definition
5.52 gm/cm3
Term
Average temperature of the lithosphere
Definition
13000 degrees
Term
Average geothermal gradient within the oceanic lithosphere about 100 km thick
Definition
3.5 degrees C per km
Term
Temperature at the center of the Earth
Definition
6,500 degrees C
Term
Continental crust is enriched in
Definition
sodium-potassium and silicon
Term
Oceanic crust is...
Definition
thinner and heavier then continental crust
Term
Much of the Earth's iron is located in...
Definition
the core
Term
The most abundant ELEMENT in crust is...
Definition
oxygen
Term
Amoung elements that makes up the earth's crust oxygen...
Definition
has ions with negative charges
Term
Crustal element with largest ioonic radius...
Definition
potassium
Term
Iron has....
Definition
more than one type of ion charge
Term
Atoms are bonded togther by...
Definition
electrons
Term
Strongest covalent bonding
Definition
Si-O
Term
Ionic Bonding
Definition

Na-Cl

 

Bonding between oppositely charged atoms

Term
Most dominant type of bonding in Si-O
Definition
covalent
Term
Minerals are classified by...
Definition
their anions
Term
calcite
Definition
source of carbon dioxide in atmosphere
Term
An example of an oxide mineral is..
Definition
hematite
Term
Most common silicate minneral in soil
Definition
quartz
Term
Source of phosphorous and can be foundin animal bones and teeth...
Definition
apatite
Term
Mineral with origin primarily from the alteration of feldspar
Definition
clay mineral
Term
Mineral that does not occur in lunar rocks..
Definition
clay mineral
Term
Physical properties of a mineral are a reflection of its....
Definition
internal arrangment os cemical constituents
Term
A solid isn't considered a mineral unless...
Definition
it's chemical constituents are arranged in a definite order
Term
Mineral that is essentially hydrous aluminum silicate...
Definition
clay mineral
Term
Common potassium-bearing mineral
Definition
orthoclase feldspar
Term
Salt beds are composed of...
Definition
halite
Term
Most abundant MINERAL in crust is...
Definition
feldspar
Term
NON iron-magnesium bearing mineral
Definition
feldspar
Term
Can cause water to be acidic
Definition
pyrite
Term
Can decrease acidity in water...
Definition
calcite
Term
Mineral with high swelling ability
Definition
clay mineral
Term
Mineral formed in oxygen deficient environment
Definition
pyrite
Term
Hydrous in composition
Definition
clay mineral
Term
Replacement of a chemical element by another in the structure of a mineral can be possible provided that...
Definition
the ions of the elements are nearly similar in size and charge
Term
Coral reefs are consisted of mostly
Definition
calcite
Term
Diatoms, grass blades and several biological minerals contain precipates of silica known as...
Definition
opal
Term
Example of a sulfide mineral...
Definition
galena
Term
Example of a carbonate mineral...
Definition
dolomite
Term
Some chemical compounds can occur in nature in different forms and hence produce distinctly different minerals. This is illustrated by...
Definition
calcite and aragonite
Term
Two most abundant minerals in granite are...
Definition
potassium feldspar and quartz
Term
The two most abundant minerals in andesite are...
Definition
soda-calcium feldspar and hornblende
Term
The two most abundant minerals in basalt are...
Definition
calcium rich feldspar and pyroxene
Term
Magamas are typically characterized by their...
Definition
silicon dioxide contents
Term
The range of silica contents in igneous rocks is...
Definition
45-75%
Term
Chemically similar rocks
Definition
rhyolite-granite
Term
Occurs as an intrusive igneous rock
Definition
granite
Term
Occurs as an extrusive igneous rock
Definition
basalt
Term
Highest silica content
Definition
Rhyolite
Term
Lowest silica content
Definition
basalt
Term
Silica content can be increased by...
Definition

fractional crystalization in magma 

 

or

 

contamination caused by melting of crystal rocks

Term
Magmas of different compositions can result from...
Definition
diferent degrees of partial melting
Term
The most abundant gas in magma is...
Definition
water vapor
Term
The 2nd most abundant gas in magma is...
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
The magma with the highest about of gas content is...
Definition
rhyolitic magma
Term
An important role in gas is...
Definition
to decrease the melting temperature of rock
Term
Increased about of gas in magma...
Definition
promotes growth of large crystals
Term
Rhyolite occures less abundantly than granite because...
Definition
magmas from which these rocks form are of high silica content, consepuently such magmas solidify completely well beneath the surface
Term
The texture of an igneous rocks provides some clue as to...
Definition
the cooling or crystalization history of magma
Term
Magmas which generally originate at depths of 10-100 kilometers within the mantle are produced by...
Definition
melting of peridotite
Term
A magma produced by partial melting of an andesite rock is...
Definition
rhyolitic magma
Term
A rock found abundantly found on the ocean floor is...
Definition
basalt
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