Term
| What is the central dogma? |
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Definition
DNA > RNA > Protein
Through replication > transcription > translation |
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Term
| What are the four bases that make up DNA? |
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Definition
| Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine |
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Term
| Which base is used in RNA but not DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Uracil differ from Thymine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three components of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
| Pentose, phosphate, nitrogenous base |
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Term
| How are Guanine and cytosine bound to one another? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are adenine and thymine bound to one another? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of DNA makes up the largest fraction of the human genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of DNA is actually translated into proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of DNA is transcribed but not translated? |
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Definition
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Term
| About how many base pairs are in each repeating portion on an SSR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the region called that holds the two daughter chromosomes together during mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of enzyme cuts DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of topoisomerase? |
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Definition
Type 1: cuts single strand of DNA
Type 2: cuts both strands of DNA |
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Term
| How many subunits are in a histone core? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the stages of DNA compaction? |
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Definition
| DNA > Nucleosome > 30nm fiber > extended chromosome > compact chromosome > mitotic chromosome |
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Term
| When do the pairs of sister chromosomes form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why isn't DNA condensed all the time? |
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Definition
| It actually needs to be accessed. |
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Term
| DNA damage by ultraviolet light is due to? |
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Definition
| Induction of dimerization through covalent bonding of thymine groups. |
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Term
| Which kind of DNA repair doesn't use another strand of DNA as a template? |
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Definition
| Error prone translesion synthesis |
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Term
| Which enzyme seals nicks in DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What events demonstrate the non-static nature of DNA? |
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Definition
| Recombination, Replication, Repair |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In what direction is DNA synthesized? |
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Definition
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Term
| What end of the DNA are new nucleotides always added to during DNA synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| probably used to make primers for okasaki fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| used in leading and okasaki synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which strand is synthesized continuously? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which strand has Okazaki fragments? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the thousands of lesions that happen every day, how many of them actually become DNA mutations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do mutations have the potential to do? |
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Definition
| nothing (silent mutation), compromise or destroy a cellular function, change a cellular function, change regulation. |
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Term
| What does the ames test measure? |
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Definition
| Mutagenic potential of a compound. |
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Term
| Causes of Mismatch DNA damage |
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Definition
| Incorporation of Incorrect Nucleotides |
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Term
| Causes of Abnormal Base DNA damage |
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Definition
| spontaneous deamination, chemical alkylation, or exposure to free radicals |
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Term
| Pyrimidine Dimers are caused by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Backbone lesions are caused by... |
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Definition
| exposure to ionizing radiation and free radicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most polymerase also have a proofreading 3' > 5' exonuclease activity. If an incorrect base is inserted, forward motion is stopped, the exonuclease removes the incorrect base, and the polymerase begins again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Special proteins recognize and bind mismatched pairs. The nucleotides from the newer strand are removed, and the DNA is re-synthesized using the older strand as the template. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are special enzymes to repair each repairable abnormal base, and they do that. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA glycosylase Cleaves bond between sugar and base. Whole nucleotide is still replaced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large portions of DNA are repaired this way. Cut chunk out, remake it. |
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Term
| Error-prone translesion synthesis |
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Definition
| This happens when there is no undamaged DNA to be used as a template. |
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Term
| Homologous/General Recombination |
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Definition
| Exchange between two DNAs that share an extended portion of similar sequence |
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Term
| Site-specific recombination |
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Definition
| exchange only at a specific sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| "jumping genes" short DNAs that can move from one chromosome to another. |
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Term
| What are the three functions of homologous recombination? |
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Definition
| Repair when no template strand is available, segregation of sister chromosomes during meiosis, enhancement of genetic diversity in meiotic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a cell has the wrong number of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs only if sequences are on the same strand of DNA |
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Term
| Intermolecular Recombination |
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Definition
| Site specific recombination that happens when the specific sequences are on different strands of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs only if sequences are on the same strand of DNA |
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Term
| Intermolecular Recombination |
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Definition
| Site specific recombination that happens when the specific sequences are on different strands of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry transposes, and also sometimes other genes, like those for antibiotic resistance. |
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Term
| What type of DNA repair does not involve the excision of a base? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a gene that assembles via recombination? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Very similar across many species |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene with readily detectable sequence similarity |
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Term
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Definition
| Homolog in a different species |
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Term
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Definition
| Homolog in the same species, rather like gene duplication |
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Term
| What kind of sequencing did the human genome project use? |
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Definition
| Sanger sequencing and BAC and shotgun sequencing approach. |
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Term
| What does GWAS stand for? |
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Definition
| Genome-wide association studies. |
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Term
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Definition
| All DNA that encodes for proteins or functional RNAs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomal copy number variation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| measure the amount of each RNA in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesizes pre-ribosomal RNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tRNAs and small RNA products |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule that has to be present for RNA polymerase to get going |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule that has to go away for gene transcription to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| Expressed in almost all the cells almost all the time |
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Term
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Definition
| The levels of the gene rise and fall with the needs of the organism |
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Term
| What motif does the lac repressor have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do activators do in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| Improve contact between RNA polymerase and the promoter |
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Term
| Where do activators bind in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The strand RNA polymerase attaches to. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has the same sequence (other than T > U shift) as the RNA being transcribed. |
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Term
| In people, how many transcription factors are there relative to number of genes? |
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Definition
| 1300 transcription factors for 25000 genes |
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Term
| What are the four features of eukaryotic gene regulation? |
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Definition
| 1.) combinatorial control 2.) chromatin remodling 3.) action at a distance 4.) layers of regulation at the promoter. |
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