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living and non-living things around us
ex. clouds, animals, buildings |
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| the systematic study of our enviroment and our place in it |
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| various substances and energy sources the we need to survive or enhance our lives |
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natural resources that are relenished over periods of time
ex. sun, wind, tides, timber, soil |
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resources that are not replenished
ex. iron, aluminum, copper, coil |
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| expresses impact of an individual in land or water required to provide the raw materials the person consumes |
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A systematic process for learning the world and testing our understanding of it.
Accumulated body of knowledge that results from a dynamic process of oberservation, testing, and discovery. |
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| all materials in universe that have mass and occupies space. |
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fundamental type of matter, chemical subtace with given set of properites.
cannot be broken down to simpiler substance.
ex. nitrogen, oxygen, gold |
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a molecule composed of 2 or more different elements in a definite ratio.
ex. water H2O |
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is matter that consists of 2 or more substances that are physically mixed but not chemically bound.
Can be seperated by physical methods.
Can be homogenous or heteregenous. |
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compoud is uniform throughout and different parts are not visable.
ex. the oceans |
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| the composition is not uniform and varies visually and physically throughout |
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smallest particle of matter that retains it's properties.
tiny particles that make up matter.
atoms of the some element are identical.
when 2 or more combine they form compounds.
contain subatomic particles. |
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Is equal to the # of protons in an element.
Is the same for all atoms of an element.
different for different elements.
appears above the symbol of an element.
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represents # of particles in the nucleus.
is equal to the number of protons and nuetrons.
protons+neutrons=mass # |
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| atoms that have the same # of protons but different # of neutrons. |
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isotopes stabilize itself by emitting energy.
the isotopes that emit energy are called radioactive. |
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when an atom gains or losses electrons.
becomes electronically charged because protons and electrons are no longer equal
+ charged: cations
- charged: anions |
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consists of positive and negative ions.
attractions is called ionic bonds. |
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form when atoms share electrons to complete on octet.
between 2 non-metal atoms.
forms molecules |
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| reacting substances form new substances with different compositions and properties, a chemical reaction takes place. |
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the identity and composition of the substances do not change.
ex. freeze water to make ice. |
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a chemical change forms 1 or more new substances.
Theres a change in compostion of one or more substances. |
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closed system.
cannot be created or distroyed. |
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energy contained in moving objects.
ex. rock rolling |
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stored energy that is latent but available for use
ex. rock on top of a hill |
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| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
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| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| each successive enegy transfer in a system, the less energy is available to do work. |
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| a network of relationships among a group of parts or components that interact with and influence each other through the exchange of energy, matter or information. |
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| can exchange matter and energy with thier surroundings. |
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do not exchange matter or energy with thier surroundings.
ex. the universe |
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converts radiant energy into useful high quality chemicals energy in bonds hold together organic molecules.
chlorplasts |
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| substances that readily give up hydrogen ions in water are known as acids |
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| Substances that readily bond with hydrogen ions are called bases or alkaline substances. |
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| are substances that resist change in pH |
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pop. growth must be controlled or it will over stripe food.
pop. will be controlled by starvation, war, disease. |
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pop. growth= disastrous effects.
agricultural advances have only postponed the problem |
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Hardin says unregulated grazing will lead to no food production.
everyone will take many animals, not just one. |
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consumed more timber then land could be sustainable .
soil erosion.
people starved |
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rely on fish,
over fishing was distructive.
Marine sanctuary established
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shiny, ductile.
conduct heat and electricity |
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dull, brittle, poor conductors.
good insulators |
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better conductors then nonmetals.
used as semi-conductors and insulators. |
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outter most electrons
group # = valence electrons
ex.1a=1 valence electron |
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| energy that can be transferred between objects of different temperatures. |
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carbon based molecules, where carbon is bonded directly to hydrogen
ex. sugar, starches, amino acids, fats |
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