Term
| What is interpersonal communication (IPC)? |
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Definition
| The process of message exchange between people to create and sustain shared meeting |
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Term
| What are the origins of communication studies? |
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Definition
| Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, Aristotle said logic, evidence, and emotion as tools of persuasion |
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Term
| What are the contexts of communication? |
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Definition
| The surroundings impacting a message as it’s sent |
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Term
| what are the three models of communication and how do they differ? |
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Definition
| Linear, Interactional, and transactional. |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of noise? |
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Definition
| 1. Physical 2. Physiological 3. Psychological 4. Semantic |
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Term
| What are the different types of contexts? |
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Definition
1. Physical: Tangible environment in which communications occurs
2. Cultural: Rules, roles, norms and patterns of communication that are unique to particular cultures
3. Psychological: indicates the nature of a relationship that affects a communication encounter
4. Historical: messages are understood in relationship to previously sent messages |
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Term
| Interpersonal communication continuum |
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Definition
Communication that exists on a continuum from impersonal communication to interpersonal communication
1. Relational History (Impersonal- limited; interpersonal- expansive)
2. Relational Rules (Impersonal- established by society; interpersonal- established by relational partners)
3. Relational Uniqueness (Impersonal- info is sociological [governed by a group]; interpersonal- info is psychological [governed by individuals]) |
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Term
| Know the principles of IPC and what they mean |
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Definition
1. IPC is unavoidable (you can’t NOT communicate)
2. IPC is irreversible
3. IPC is unrepeatable
4. IPC includes both verbal and non-verbal messages (symbols)
5. IPC messages have both content and relational meaning (denotative and connotative)
6. The meaning of IPC messages depends on punctuation
7. IPC is learned
8. IPC is rule governed |
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Term
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Definition
1. IPC solves all problems
2. IPC is always a good thing
3. IPC is common sense
4. IPC is synonymous with interpersonal relationships
5. IPC is always face-to-face |
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Term
| What is communication apprehension (CA)? |
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Definition
| The fear or anxiety pertaining to the communication process. |
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Term
| What is intercultural communication apprehension? |
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Definition
| The fear or anxiety pertaining to the communication with people from different cultural backrounds |
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Term
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Definition
| The perceived rightness or wrongness of an action or a behavior |
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Term
| Five ethical systems of communication: |
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Definition
1. Categorical imperative (Immanuel Kent)
2. Moral Absolutes
3. We should act as an example for others
4. Truth-telling is more important than the short-term consequences of telling the truth
5. Utilitarianism (ethical behaviors are those that bring the greatest good for the greatest number of people; consequences of our actions are important) |
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Term
| Interpersonal communication competence |
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Definition
| The ability to communicate with knowledge, skills, and thoughtfulness |
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Term
| Appropriate, effective behaviors of interpersonal communication competence |
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Definition
- Adaptability
- Knowledge
- Skills
- Thoughtfulness |
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Term
| What is civil communication? |
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Definition
| The acceptance of another persona as an equal partner in achieving meaning during communication |
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Term
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Definition
| Impressions we form on other people and is critical to achieve meaning |
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Term
| What are the stages in the perception process? |
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Definition
| Attending and selection (using senses to respond to stimuli), organizing (bringing perceptions together to make sense of them), interpreting (assign meaning to what we perceive), and retrieving (recall information stored in our memories) |
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Term
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Definition
| Having the ability to engage our senses so that we are observant and aware of our surroundings |
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Term
| What are relational schema? |
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Definition
| Mental framework or memory structure that we rely on to understand experience and to guide our future behavior in relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Categorizing individuals according to a fixed impression, positive or negative. |
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Term
| What is the fundamental attribution error? |
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Definition
| negative behaviors must be someone else ex. jury |
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Term
| What are selective attention and retention? |
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Definition
| choosing to listen to only part of what someone is actually saying. Retain only certain things that stand out in our minds |
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Term
| Influence perception? Culture |
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Definition
| dictates how something should be organized and interpreted. Ex. Perceiving time in different cultures |
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Term
| Influence perception? Sex and Gender |
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Definition
| men and women have different perceptions on how a male or female should look |
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Term
| INfluence perception? Physical factors |
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Definition
| age, health ex. A 19 year old in debt vs. a single mother with 3 children in debt |
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Term
| Influence perception? Technology |
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Definition
| can’t always trust everything you see on the internet, have to be careful with online relationships, |
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Term
| Influence perception? Our sense of self |
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Definition
| perceiving ourselves. Mostly constant such as charitable views, but can change too such as being able to climb a mountain may differ at age 30 or 65 |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively stable set of perceptions we hold of ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
| an evaluation of who we perceive ourselves to be |
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Term
| What is symbolic interactionism? |
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Definition
| theory that our understanding of ourselves and of the world is shaped by our interactions with those around us |
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Term
| What is a self-fulfilling prophecy? |
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Definition
| a predictions or expectation about our future behavior that is likely to come true because we believe it and thus act in ways that make it come true |
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Term
| What does identity management theory explain |
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Definition
| explains the manner in which you handle your “self” in various circumstances; includes competency, identity, and face. |
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Term
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Definition
| the image of the self we choose to present to others |
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Term
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Definition
| image we want to present to other people ex. First meeting someone or how we dress |
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Term
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Definition
| when others impose their will on us. Ex. Don’t like type of movies I like to go see. When someone threatens our face |
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Term
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Definition
| actively thinking about and controlling our public behaviors and actions |
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Term
| What is implicit personality theory |
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Definition
| we rely on a set of a few characteristics to draw inferences about others and use these inferences as the basis of our communication with them |
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Term
| What is the halo effect? A positive halo? A negative halo? |
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Definition
| matching like qualities with each other to create an overall perception of someone or something. Could be positive or negative qualities |
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Term
| What is attribution theory? |
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Definition
| explains how we create explanations or attach meaning ot another person’s behavior or our own |
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Term
| What is a personal worldview? |
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Definition
| a unique personal frame for viewing life and life’s events |
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Term
| What is the difference between a fact and an inference? |
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Definition
| Fact – piece of information that is verifiable by direct observation Inference – a conclusion derived from a fact, but it does not reflect direct observation or experience |
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Term
| What are some ways that we can improve our self-concept? |
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Definition
- Having the desire to change and will to change
- Decide what you would like to change
- Set reasonable personal goals
- Review and Revise
- Surround yourself with “Relational Uppers” (people who support and trust us as we improve our self concept) |
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Term
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Definition
| The shared, personal, and learned life experiences of a group of individuals who have a common set of values, norms, and traditions |
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Term
| What is intercultural communication? |
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Definition
| Communication between and among individuals and groups from different cultural backgrounds |
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Term
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Definition
| A culture within a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Immersion in your own culture; socialized to learn the ways of your own culture and its nroms, rules, values, etc; “First culture learning” |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning to live within a culture different from your own (learning the language, rules, norms, etc while living there); you can still adhere to your own culture in some ways; “Second culture learning” |
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Term
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Definition
| Disagreements/misunderstandings between different cultures |
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Term
| Why should we study intercultural communication? (The 6 “imperatives”) |
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Definition
1. Technological imperative: increase opportunities for intercultural communication
2. Demographic imperative
3. Economic imperative
4. Peace imperative
5. Self-awareness imperative
6. Ethical imperative |
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Term
| What is the concept of the global village? |
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Definition
| The concept that all societies, regardless of size, are connected in some way; describes how communication technology ties the world into one political, economic, social, and cultural system |
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Term
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Definition
| A practice in which a nation sends work and workers to a different country because doing so is cost efficient |
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Term
| Cultural variability theory (Hofstede) |
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Definition
| a theory that describes the four value/cultural dimensions (uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity-femininity, collectivism-individualism) that offer information regarding the value differences in a particular culture |
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Term
| What is uncertainty avoidance? |
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Definition
| How tolerant you are of uncertainty; cultures resistant to change have high degree of uncertainty avoidance |
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Term
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Definition
| How cultures perceive power/how it is distributed; countries high in power distance have respect for those with higher status and put emphasis on class/caste system |
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Term
| What is masculinity-femininity? |
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Definition
Masculine cultures emphasize achievement, strength, competitiveness, material success, money
Feminine cultures: sexual equality, nurturance, quality of life, compassion for less fortunate, affection |
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Term
| What is collectivism-individualism? |
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Definition
Collectivistic cultures: the group is emphasized over the individual; duty, tradition, and hierarchy are valued; loyalty to the family; extended family members; shared experiences (Ghana)
Individualistic cultures: individual emphasized over group; competition of cooperation private over public; self-concept; personal achievement (USA, Canada, Britain, Australia, Italy) |
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Term
| Context orientation theory - high vs. low-context cultures (be prepared to give one example of each) |
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Definition
-High context cultures: meaning of messages is derived from the context (our surroundings) rather than from words; nonverbal communication is important and people in these cultures are very accurate at reading nonverbal cues; less-formal; more of a collectivistic view (ex: Japan)
-Low context cultures: meaning is found in words, not the surroundings; more emphasis on verbal communication, less on nonverbal; meaning communicated explicitly |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture |
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Term
| What is cultural imperialism? |
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Definition
| When one culture imposes its values/viewpoint/civilization on another nation |
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Term
| What is cultural empathy? |
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Definition
| The capacity to identify with the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals from different cultural backgrounds; acquire some understanding of those cultures |
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Term
| What is cultural relativity? |
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Definition
| The view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context |
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Term
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Definition
| integration of various technologies such as online radio or cell phones with cameras |
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Term
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Definition
| computer mediated communication – use of various technologies to facilitate various communication with others |
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Term
| What is technological determinism? |
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Definition
| a theory stating that technology is irreversible and inevitable and inescapable |
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Term
| What is the “global village?” |
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Definition
| concept that communication technology ties that world into one political economic social and cultural system |
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Term
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Definition
| gap between people who have ready access to technology and those who don't |
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Term
| What are some aspects of the dark side of the Internet? |
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Definition
Little accountability – you can lie about things and you should always think critically about the info. You can be misguided, misinformed, and manipulated
Fostering of hate – hate speech – can be defined as extremely offensive language against a particular group of people, internet has fueled intolerance and hatred
Flaming – exchanging malicious hostile or insulting comments over the internet
Sacrifice of privacies – nothings private over the internet |
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Term
| What is the bright side of Internet usage? |
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Definition
| widen your social network and knowledge base, remain connected throughout life |
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Term
| What is signaling theory? How is it related to identity management theory? |
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Definition
| theory proposing that people have qualities that they wish to present to others. Identity management theory explains manner in which we handle ourselves and the very situations in which we find ourselves. We hope that other people accept our qualities that we are wishing to present |
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Term
| What is synchronous communication? |
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Definition
| communication between a sender and a receiver that takes place at same time. Ex. Face to face communication |
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Term
| What is asynchronous communication? |
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Definition
| communication that doesn’t require a sender and receiver not at the same time. Ex. Online communication |
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Term
| What is postcyberdisclosure panic? |
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Definition
| a situation in which we disclose personal information in email only to experience anxiety later because we begin to think about the number of people who could have access to the message. |
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Term
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Definition
| highly accelerated development of an online relationship |
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Term
| How can we use technology to maintain our relationships? |
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Definition
| video chat, long distance calling |
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Term
| What is social networking? |
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Definition
| linking individuals in communities who share common interests and activities through online websites |
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Term
| What are the sender skills for electronic messaging? |
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Definition
- be succinct when necessary = abbreviating your thoughts, stay on point, don’t babble aimlessly
- Write literally = be precise
- Stay polite
- Take a deep breath = think about what you write before you actually write it, reflect on your message |
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Term
| What are the receiver skills for electronic messaging? |
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Definition
- Check in with the sender = electronic trial balloon (online overture that briefly responds to a senders message in order to clarify the senders intended message), asking sender to clarify to avoid confusion
- Show empathy when possible = put yourself In another’s position
- Listen beyond the words = reading between the lines to figure out what intention, emotion and intuition. You may come to an inaccurate conclusion which goes back to first one. |
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