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| the study of comm in ancient greece |
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| teachers of communication in ancient greece |
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| first to study rhetoric in sicily, greece |
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| ancient greece was a time focused on... |
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| government, physical activity, arts, oral comm, authoritative law |
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| sophists: taught and goal |
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| professional speech teachers taught the tricks of persuasion, oral art form, rhetoric, effectiveness; goal - win arguments |
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famous sophist; put language into emotions, metaphors, repetition, analogy, linguistics;
Chiasmus - using adjacent clauses |
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famous sophist; took money;
Kairus - truth is relative to circumstance and timing is everything |
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| Isocrates' 2 dimensions of rhetoric |
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thematic (significance) & pragmatic (for greater good, positive contribution)
speech should be written down, rhetoric could cure social ills |
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Gorgias - work of anti-sophists/anti-rhetoric - distorts truth and art of misleading people. (emotional response to sophists)
Phaedrus - reframe thoughts on rhetoric; what values we should have when using rhetoric; gov't knows best, don't play on the passion; proper rhetoric should balance; techne - true art of rhetoric; |
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| grounded in philosophy; didn't know what sophists were doing; Academy - name of his philosophy school, think logically, based in thought not emotion |
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Aristotle:
school -
book -
definition of rhetoric - |
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Lyceum school (peripatetic school)
"Rhetoric"
rhetoric - faculty of observing in an given case the available means of persuasion |
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Definition
the "available means" - must balance artistic (must use all to get point across); inartistic (not of our own creation, but we have access to them - laws)
pathos - arouse emotions
ethos - personal character (source credibility)
logos - wording and logic of the message |
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how to logically construct an argument:
major premise - agreeable by all parties - men are mortal
minor premise - specific - jimmy is a man
conclusion - put together - jimmy is mortal |
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| get rid of what's obvious in constructing an argument (minor premise); we know jim is a man |
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Aristotle's Genres:
1. Forensic
2. Epideictic
3. Deliberative |
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1. Forensic - legal, past, justice is ultimate goal
2. epideictic - ceremonics, present, vice/virtue is goal
3. deliberative - legislative, future, expediency |
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| where the crux of the argument lies |
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| Aristotle's three purposes of rhetoric |
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1. inform - deliberative
2. persuade - forensic
3. entertain - epideictic |
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| Roman politician, finest orator, humor with 5 cannons |
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| Cicero's 5 canons of rhetoric |
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Definition
1. invention
2. style
3. arrangement
4. memory
5. delivery |
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| subject matter of speech, discover info and arguments leading to conclusion, argue in different contexts |
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| proper words for message, speech can instruct, please, or persuade |
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1. plain - ethos, convince audience of good character, sense, trustworthy
2. middle - logos, impress audience with soundness of position
3. vigorous - pathos, eloquent and emotional |
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| order ideas effectively according to audience needs and goals |
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| hold content, style, and arrangement in the mind, use of mnemonic devices |
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| present speech in natural, varied, appropriate way; voice should convey interest and emotion; gestures should match ideas |
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| Quintilian - definition of rhetoric |
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| last of classical theorists, rhetoric - study of the good man speaking well, best of communication |
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| Medieval & Renaissance period characteristics |
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| Christian clergy rise to power, pagan theories of rhetoric decline, comm - instruct the faithful in certain truth, revealed "will of God" |
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| said foolish for truth to take its stand unarmed against falsehood; bridged gap between rhetoric and communication |
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| de doctrina christiana - language was symbolic; signs and symbols used |
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| Augustine's natural signs |
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| created by God; smoke/fire is work of God |
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| Augustine's conventional signs |
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| language is arbitrarily created by humans; interpretation is difficult; spoken/written word |
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| Augustine's 3 forms of rhetoric |
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| preaching, poetry, letter writing |
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| scientific approach, repeatable and replicatable studies, perceptual bias - how others and ourselves perceive a situation |
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| distortions that get in the way of clear thinking - tribe, cave, market place, theatre |
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| human nature, careless thinkers ruled by emotion, understanding is a false mirror distorting reality |
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| prejudices due to our background and personalities; refracts and discolors light of nature |
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| bacon's idol of the marketplace |
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| social circles in nature, center on imprecise use of language, words are confusing |
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| bacon's idol of the theatre |
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| fallacies occur when we accept fashionable ideas uncritically; guard against prejudices and distortions in our thought and speech |
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| modern period characteristics |
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| revitalized study of rhetoric; emphasis on ability to determine truth rationally and independently |
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| ideas and arguments based on observation |
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| recover insights of classical rheorician and adapt to modern times (Wilson) |
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| psychological/epistemological approach |
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| study of relationship between comm. and thought, specific way people influence each other through speech; rhetoric as a means to an end (Campbell) |
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| psychological approach: Campbell's ways of persuading |
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must appeal to the mind and innerworkings:
enlighten them, please them, move them, move their will |
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| Campbell's persuasion with enlightenment |
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| Campbell's persuasion of pleasing |
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| pull from their imagination and relate rhetoric |
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| Campbell's persuasion of moving |
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| delve into their passions |
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| Campbell's persuasion of moving their will |
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| will power, what drives/motivates them |
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writing and speaking art forms, develop standards for judging drama, property, oratory, written comm.
Hugh Blair - style, literary criticism |
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| systems to improve public speaking, xyz approach (Sheridan and Whately) |
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| Richard Whately (elocutionary approach) |
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| systematic way of looking at arguments; presumption - status quo until proven otherwise; burden of proof should be on the affirmative (those trying to change status quo) |
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| Rene Descartes & John Locke |
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| truth obtained only through discourse grounded in understanding of human rationality |
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| ideas concerned relationship between speaker and audience |
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| controlled lab experiement; careful objective measurement |
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| communicator is considered believable and content |
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| public discourse, scientific method; interpersonal, public, group communication |
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| updated version of Aristotle's syllogism - Toulmin model |
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1. reason/logos - claim, data, warrant
2. argumentation - how to set up a claim, back up with facts, qualifier/rebuttal |
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| focused on situation and context; situation dictates rhetoric |
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| Blitzer's rhetorical situation parts: |
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| exigence, audience, constraints, response |
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| obstacle trying to overcome |
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| abilities and tools at communicator's disposal |
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| fitting response appropriate to situation |
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| medium is the message - most influential component; how you deliver it makes most influence |
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Neil Postman
book
concept |
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| Amusing Ourselves To Death; medium is the message but also the form excludes types of content; writing for the form (media) |
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| determine, bring to an end, settle = which behaviors count as communication |
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