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Definition
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| Reasons to use microorganisms |
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Definition
life processes: metabolic functions starting with genetic code
Ease of use
Quick generation times
Cheap |
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Definition
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Definition
| Food, drugs, medicine, gardens, biotechnology |
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| Association of microbial communities |
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Definition
| Earth was originally anoxic |
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Definition
| No oxygen, carbon and nitrogen were predominant |
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Term
| What was on earth originally |
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Definition
| Anaerobic microorganisms, Cyanobacteria |
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Definition
| Last universal common ancestor |
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Definition
| Anything with the ability to cause human disease |
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Definition
| First to observe microorganisms, fruiting structures of mold |
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Definition
| Built the first microscope |
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Definition
| Discovered the bacterial endospores, bacillus anthracis, clostridium botulinum and tetanus |
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Definition
| Disproved spontaneous generation, pasteurization in foods |
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Definition
| Observed presence of bacteria in blood of infected animals (germ theory), 4 postulates |
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Definition
| Enrichment culture techniques, adjustment of nutrient conditions |
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Definition
| DIscovered nitrifying and sulfur bacteria , discovered concept of nitrogen fixation, Winogradsky column |
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Definition
| Low magnitude, cheap, little training |
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Definition
| High magnitude, look at cells and subcells organs, special training, very expensive |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Interior aqueous environment that all cellular and molecular components reside in |
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Definition
| Rigid structure usually composed of some kind of polysaccharide with proteins embedded here and there |
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Term
| Distinguishing characteristic of membrane bound organells |
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Definition
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Definition
| Only in eukaryotes, site of DNA replication, and transcription |
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Term
| Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Not, considered living, smaller than bacteria, requires host to replicate and change, can DNA or RNA, no metabolic capabilities without host |
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Term
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Definition
| Particular stretch of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Collective arrangement of genes |
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Term
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Definition
Mostly circular, single genome with single copy, forms nucleoid
Gene --> Chromosome --> Genome |
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Definition
| Contain nonessential genes, codes for special advantages, can have multiple plasmids |
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Term
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Definition
| Linear DNA, vary in numbers, organized chromosomes, typically diploid |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, eukarya, archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| Different requirements for acquiring energy, results in different metabolic strategy to conserving energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, light energy |
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Definition
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Definition
| Conserve energy from organic compounds, ATP, oxygen requirements |
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Term
| Inorganic chemical energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidation of inorganic compound to store energy in form of ATP, only in prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Contain pigments capable of capturing the light energy from the sun |
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Term
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Definition
Cyanobacteria- algae
Anoxygenic- green bacteria |
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Definition
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| Heterotrophs energy source |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Metabolize organic material
Chemolithotrophs phototrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in every environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Microorganisms exist (survive/thrive) under conditions that would not usually support life |
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Term
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Definition
| Not dye out, ex: go dormant |
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Term
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Definition
| Living in optimal environment |
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Definition
| All three types of energy sourcing, primative mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| Stain purple, thick peptidoglycan cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Phylogenetically most closely related to gram pos, oxygenic phototrophs |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| How to describe colonies on plates |
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Definition
| Single bonded C and H chains, less fluid |
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Definition
| C and H chain with a double bond, more fluid |
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Definition
| More fluid, less dense so don't pack as well |
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Term
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Definition
| General composition is a phospholipid bilayer , charged heads with fatty acid tails |
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Term
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Definition
| Permeable membrane, hydrophobic barrier, charged ions cannot diffuse through |
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Term
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Definition
| Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic, firmly embedded proteins or attached to the surface |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Outer surface interacts with substrates, inner surface interacts with proteins and cytoplasmic membrane |
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Definition
| Work against the conc gradient, functionally import and export molecules across membrane, required energy |
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Term
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Definition
| One molecule going in or out |
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Definition
| Two coming in or two going out |
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Definition
| Two molecules, one goes in and one comes out |
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Term
| Simple transporter (uni, sym) |
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Definition
| Just goes in/ just goes out, energy dependent, uses protein motive force |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical modification of product going in,phosphotransferase system |
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Definition
| ATP binding class, hydrolyzing ATP |
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Definition
| Transporters function to bring something in |
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Definition
| Lots of transport of different compounds and molecules, highly charged, significant gradient |
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Definition
| Comes from side cell wall with water chains |
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Definition
| The cell wall in bacteria cells, sugar molecules and amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Typically have a single, thick layer of peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex cell wall, which consists of a outer membrane, and a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an inner membrane |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Covalently bonded to NAM, neg a charges of the phosphate contributes to overall neg charge of the cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| The space in gram negative that surrounds the peptidoglycan, cellular envelope, contains important proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for the core, and O-polysaccharide, very antigenic |
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Definition
| Lipid bilayer is composed of LPS layer and a typical inner phospholipid bilayer |
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Definition
| Span across the whole membrane, more nonspecific than transporters |
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Term
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Definition
| Anthracis/Cereus/Subtilis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sticky secretion on bacterial surface used as protection |
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Term
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Definition
| Attachment, conjuction, motility |
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Term
| Subcellular Storage Components |
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Definition
| Carbon storage goes to energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria are able to align with magnetic fields |
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Definition
| Visualized of blooms, as they feel the sun they float to the surface |
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Definition
| Formed during process called sporulation under unfavorable condition |
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Definition
| Found only in spores, binds to H2O to dehydrate spore |
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Term
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Definition
| Small acid soluble proteins, tightly bind DNA, carbon and energy source |
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Definition
| Occurs only with environmental stress |
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Definition
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Definition
| Form of specialization, senses the other "siblings" in area to start producing the effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Flows from high to low density |
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