Term
| "As demand for organic products continues to soar..." |
|
Definition
| "more and more producers are entering the organic market." |
|
|
Term
| "generalized" digestive system of insects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1906 Federal Food and Drugs Act |
|
Definition
| fresh, canned or frozen food shipped in interstate commerce must be pure and wholesome. Secretary of Ag was to enforce this law. |
|
|
Term
| 1938 Federal Food Drug & Cosmetic Act |
|
Definition
-Set tolerance levels for pesticides in food
-Amended in 1954 –condemn contaminated stuff
-In 1958 – Delaney Clause – zero tolerance for cancer causing pesticides |
|
|
Term
| 1954 amendment to 1938 Federal Food Drug & Cosmetic Act |
|
Definition
| condemn contaminated stuff |
|
|
Term
| 1958 amendment to 1938 Federal Food Drug & Cosmetic Act |
|
Definition
| Delaney Clause – zero tolerance for cancer causing pesticides |
|
|
Term
| 1959 amendment to Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) |
|
Definition
| added nematicides, plant regulators, defoliants to the definition of “economic poisons” |
|
|
Term
| 1964 amendment to Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) |
|
Definition
| required federal registration number and signal words (warning, caution, danger) to the pesticide label |
|
|
Term
| 1972 amendment to Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) |
|
Definition
| with new law, Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (FEPCA) that required pesticide registration overseen by US EPA |
|
|
Term
| 1st basic principle of IPM |
|
Definition
| 1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and the environment and their interrelationships |
|
|
Term
| 1st report on supervised control of insects in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st written account of the use of natural poisons to deal w/ pests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-methodological
-ideological |
|
|
Term
| 2007 vs. 2014 USDA census: # of Us.S. organic farms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2007 vs. 2014 USDA census: total U.S. crop acreage |
|
Definition
2007: 1,288,088
2014: 3,670,560 |
|
|
Term
| 2007 vs. 2014 USDA census: total U.S. organic farm product sales |
|
Definition
2007: $1,709,111,000
2014: $5,456,732,000 |
|
|
Term
| 2nd basic principle of IPM |
|
Definition
| 2) Requires advanced planning |
|
|
Term
| 3rd basic principle of IPM |
|
Definition
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control
practices |
|
|
Term
| 4 basic principles of IPM |
|
Definition
1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and the environment and their interrelationships
2) Requires advanced planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control
practices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and
pest conditions |
|
|
Term
| 4th basic principle of IPM |
|
Definition
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and
pest conditions |
|
|
Term
| 7 methods of organic pest control |
|
Definition
-Floating row covers
-Pheromone traps
-Sticky traps
-Soap
-Oil
-Bacillus thuringiensis (often referred to as Bt)
-Nematodes
-NO GMO’s |
|
|
Term
| 8 components of the IPM process according to Dr. Forschler (no particular order) |
|
Definition
-inspect
-identify
-communicate and keep records
-develop action plan
-implement action plan
-monitor: scout-sample
-reevaluate action plan
-monitor/inspect/identify |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AT’s should be ______ made with ______ of engaged stakeholders. |
|
Definition
a decision point
acknowledgement and agreement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a decision point made with acknowledgement and agreement of engaged stakeholders. |
|
|
Term
| According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, ______ of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are pesticides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies seek to... |
|
Definition
| minimize the selection for resistance from any one type of insecticide. |
|
|
Term
| Any trapping program or pest complaint log used to monitor pest pressure will only provide... |
|
Definition
a relative measure of pest populations.
only good for finding hot spots |
|
|
Term
| As end users move away from the IPM foundation, they will experience decreasing... |
|
Definition
-sustainability
-species diversity |
|
|
Term
| As end users move away from the IPM foundation, they will experience increasing... |
|
Definition
-costs
-environmental impacts |
|
|
Term
| Assessing pest population density should be based on... |
|
Definition
| pest biology and pheneology |
|
|
Term
| Bt strains very common in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carter requested this regarding IPM |
|
Definition
| requested that all federal agencies adopt IPM strategies |
|
|
Term
| Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) |
|
Definition
| a division of the Executive Office of the President that coordinates with other agencies and the White House in developing environmental and energy policies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of the 1958 amendment to 1938 Federal Food Drug & Cosmetic Act
this set zero tolerance for cancer causing pesticides |
|
|
Term
| Determination of an action threshold is often based on... |
|
Definition
| EIL or AIL (economic or aesthetic injury level) |
|
|
Term
| Determination of timing of assessment based on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dr. Forschler's view of IPM |
|
Definition
| It is a process using communication and recordkeeping that requires a MINDSET to make use of information on pest biology to plan and implement interventions that limit pest populations. |
|
|
Term
| EPA DEFINITION of Pesticide |
|
Definition
| Substances intended to repel, kill, or control any species designated a pest including weeds, insects, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms. |
|
|
Term
| EPA efficacy standards for pesticides |
|
Definition
| EPA doesn't have any efficacy standards for pesticides |
|
|
Term
| EPA’s role in regard to FIFRA is... |
|
Definition
| to examine risk of use versus benefit gained from that use. |
|
|
Term
| ET is also known as the Action Threshold (AT) when... |
|
Definition
| the IPM practitioner admits there is no economic basis for the decision to take action. |
|
|
Term
| FAO definition of pesticide |
|
Definition
| any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances which may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the list of chemicals that don't have to go thru the regular toxicity/risk assessment evaluation process; all you gotta do is bottle it and put "insect killer" on it; some of these chemicals are volatile |
|
|
Term
| FQPA asks secretary of ag to... |
|
Definition
| ‘‘(2) support integrated pest management research.” |
|
|
Term
| Federal Food Drug & Cosmetic Act passed when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Federal Food and Drugs Act |
|
Definition
-passed in 1906
-mandated that food sold in stores be safe |
|
|
Term
| Federal Insecticide Act (FIA) |
|
Definition
| Intent was to ensure the quality of pesticides purchased by consumers. Specifically, the act set standards for manufacture of Paris green (copper II acetate + arsenic trioxide), lead arsenate, insecticides, and fungicides, and also provided for inspections, seizure of adulterated, misbranded products, and prosecution of violators. |
|
|
Term
| Federal Insecticide Act (FIA) passed in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) |
|
Definition
-Extended coverage of FIA to include herbicides and rodenticides.
-Required that all pesticide products be registered with the USDA before their sale
-Required products have certain information on their labels |
|
|
Term
| Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act passed in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fusarium wilt resistant varieties of cotton, cowpeas and others in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Georgia Department of Agriculture Structural Pest Control Commission definition for IPM for structural pest control |
|
Definition
| a philosophy of pest management outlining a decision-making process aimed at achieving sustainable reductions in pest populations and their potential for growth. Successful IPM programs incorporate judicious application of control methods including, but not limited to, sanitation, habitat modification, exclusion, repellents and pesticides. |
|
|
Term
| Georgia Structural Pest Control definition for green pest management |
|
Definition
| a service that employs an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach while utilizing fewer of the earth’s resources as part of a larger effort to reduce human impacts on the environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the number of temperature degrees above a certain threshold base temperature.
Growing degree days (GDDs) are accumulated by adding each day’s contribution as the season progresses. |
|
|
Term
| I notice right away that most insects are in this group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IPM and organic are both ______ approaches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IPM has its genesis in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accountability in the form of a record-keeping system to acknowledge and communicate site specific conditions, suggested solutions, and actions taken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| policy makers and academics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IPM is trying to do away with... |
|
Definition
| calendar applications and pesticides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IPM program success is measured by recordkeeping relative to:... |
|
Definition
-Reduction in pest numbers or customer complaints, crop yields (recordkeeping)
-Reduction in pesticide use (record keeping)
-Economic benefit? Time savings?
-The simple truth… WHATEVER YOU DETERMINE IN AGREEMENT WITH THE STAKEHOLDERS |
|
|
Term
| IPM relies on a combo of... |
|
Definition
| common-sense practices and science-based strategies, rather than solely on pesticide spraying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insecticide Resistance Action Committee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insecticide resistance management |
|
|
Term
In 1972, the Council on Environmental Quality
(CEQ) announced this |
|
Definition
| a review ordered by President Nixon to determine which federal pest control programs might use IPM. This order served to widely popularize the newly coined term. |
|
|
Term
| In 1979, a Carter Presidential Memorandum directed... |
|
Definition
| the heads of 10 major federal agencies to “support and adopt IPM strategies wherever practicable within the limits of existing resources” |
|
|
Term
| In the U.S., "organic" is managed in accordance with... |
|
Definition
| the Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA) of 1990 and by Title 7, Part 205 of the Code of Federal Regulations. |
|
|
Term
| Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) definition of insecticide resistance |
|
Definition
| a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation. |
|
|
Term
| Insecticides are allocated to specific groups based on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insects first appeared in the fossil record... |
|
Definition
in the Silurian (410-438 million years ago)
insects have been around for about 400 million years |
|
|
Term
| Is cover crop a smother crop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kinds of Action Threshold (AT) or ET’s (economic threshold) |
|
Definition
-Subjective/nominal
-Objective |
|
|
Term
| Know the ______ of the IPM program to determine ______ suited to a particular situation and agreed upon by stakeholders. |
|
Definition
pest biology and endpoint
pragmatic action thresholds |
|
|
Term
| Maximum or upper developmental threshold |
|
Definition
| the temperature at which insect/plant growth stops. Upper developmental thresholds also vary among species. |
|
|
Term
| Minimum or lower developmental threshold |
|
Definition
| the temperature below which insect/plant development is negligible. The lower threshold differs among pest species. It is used as a base for calculating degree days. |
|
|
Term
| National Environmental Policy Act passed in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nixon asked Congress to create EPA in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
asked congress to create the US EPA:
Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 |
|
|
Term
| Organic Integrity Database |
|
Definition
modernized certified organic operations database that will provide accurate information about all certified operations that is updated on a regular basis
basically, it's an attempt to make organic certification more efficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| personal protective equipment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pesticide made of copper acetoarsenite/arsenic trioxide |
|
|
Term
| Paris Green widely used in crops in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Under the terms of Reorganization Plan No.3, the following would be moved to the new Environmental Protection Agency:
• The functions carried out by the Federal Water Quality Administration (from the Department of the Interior).
• Functions with respect to pesticides studies now vested in the Department of the Interior.
• The functions carried out by the National Air Pollution Control Administration (from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare).
• The functions carried out by the Bureau of Solid Waste Management and the Bureau of Water Hygiene, and portions of the functions carried out by the Bureau of Radiological Health of the Environmental Control Administration (from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare).
• Certain functions with respect to pesticides carried out by the Food and Drug Administration (from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare).
• Authority to perform studies relating to ecological systems now vested in the Council on Environmental Quality.
• Certain functions respecting radiation criteria and standards now vested in the Atomic Energy Commission and the Federal Radiation Council.
• Functions respecting pesticides registration and related activities now carried out by the Agricultural Research Service (from the Department of Agriculture). |
|
|
Term
| Registered pesticides must not display... |
|
Definition
unreasonable adverse effects on human
health or the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Silent Spring did this regarding pesticides |
|
Definition
| raised public sentiment against them |
|
|
Term
| Subjective/nominal Action Threshold (AT) or ET (economic threshold) |
|
Definition
| practitioner experience, probably the majority of recommendations. |
|
|
Term
| The family of pesticides includes... |
|
Definition
| herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, and disinfectants. |
|
|
Term
| The organic certification process is constantly being updated because... |
|
Definition
| new violations bring to light loopholes in the process. |
|
|
Term
| The timing of assessment of pest populations REQUIRES... |
|
Definition
| Employment of “appropriate” sampling/monitoring/surveillance tools and methods to Detect species present, Determine population densities, Illuminate distributions |
|
|
Term
| This ensures that selection from compounds in the same MoA group is minimized. |
|
Definition
| alternations, sequences or rotations of compounds from different MoA groups, which provide sustainable and effective IRM |
|
|
Term
| To meet USDA organic regulations, organic producers must do this. |
|
Definition
| show they aren’t using GMOs and that they are protecting their products from contact with prohibited substances from farm to table. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fixed
-descriptive
-dichotomous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A methodology used to examine all possible risks involved with a particular product or organism. |
|
|
Term
| US EPA definition of Risk |
|
Definition
| the probability that a pesticide will have an adverse risk. |
|
|
Term
| USDA does this to offset the cost of organic certification for U.S. producers and handlers nationwide. |
|
Definition
| administering organic certification cost share programs |
|
|
Term
| Understanding this should be part of the decision making procedure inherent in any IPM action plan. |
|
Definition
-how the use of a pesticide may affect the intended target
-applicator
-non-target organism |
|
|
Term
| When did fusarium wilt resistant varieties of cotton became available? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a couple chemicals in insect repellents that can cause health problems |
|
Definition
-DEET
-the synthetic pesticide permethrin |
|
|
Term
| a couple downsides to IPM |
|
Definition
| can often be more difficult and consumer awareness of IPM is very low |
|
|
Term
| a requirement livestock has to be certified as organic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of modification that can help manage pests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of moth that's not even mobile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| absolute methods for estimating pest populations |
|
Definition
| estimate of insects per unit area. Designed to find every pest in a given volume of habitat. |
|
|
Term
| according to Ray F. Smith and Gordon L. Smith in an issue of California Agriculture in May, 1949, “A successful supervised control program in a district requires the following: ..." |
|
Definition
| "an intimate knowledge of the insects; a sufficient acreage to finance the district; an informal grower cooperative to administer the district and a properly trained entomologist to supervise the insect control.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on some assessment of the state of a pest population based on a “monitoring program” represented by a continuum (ie. a pheromone baited trapping, pest sightings/ biofix, complaints, field sampling) of options depending on the pest and stakeholder needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insect damage that provokes a response/intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the actual chemical in the product mixture that affects the pest
you need to understand how it works |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Additive sold often separately to mix with the
product when tank mixing
basically stuff you would wanna mix in with the pesticide |
|
|
Term
| aesthetic injury level (AIL) |
|
Definition
| insect damage that causes some societal/personal offense |
|
|
Term
| all insects start life as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gradual metamorphosis
•The adults and immatures (nymphs) are wingless, and
•There is little visible change in form between growth stage (instar).
basically, it just gets bigger |
|
|
Term
| an action threshold (AT) should be based on... |
|
Definition
| some assessment of the state of a pest population. |
|
|
Term
| as an IPM specialist, you should know these things about the insect |
|
Definition
-the type of insect
-the type of development
-where the eggs are laid
-where the immatures develop
-where the adults live and feed |
|
|
Term
| as an IPM specialist, you should know... |
|
Definition
-What type of insect is it?
-Type of development
-Where are the eggs laid
-Where do the immatures develop
-Where do the adults live/feed
-What are the life stage or lifestyle choices that are ‘vulnerable’ or amenable to an intervention appropriate for a IPM action plan |
|
|
Term
| barriers to using insect pathogens |
|
Definition
-shelf life
-specificity
-public acceptance |
|
|
Term
| basic principle of IPM regarding dammage boundary |
|
Definition
any pest population measured below the damage boundary does not warrant any type of intervention.
(doing nothing is ok) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small and regular particles |
|
|
Term
| behavioral changes that can be used to manage pests |
|
Definition
| genetically alter… pupation site determinants, developmental time, host range, humidity requirements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repel, attract and kill, sex pheromones |
|
|
Term
| best use of relative methods of estimating pest populations |
|
Definition
| to identify "hot spots" of pest activity |
|
|
Term
| bio-control was recorded as early as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biocontrol of a weed, Lantana in HI in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a significant biological event, such as the date of the first capture of an adult insect in a trap or a sustained (numerous) capture in a trap. The date eggs or pupae are first observed in a field crop.
For example, the first or peak capture of beetles in a pheromone-laced trap. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biological control often requires... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of natural enemies to reduce the competitive advantage of exotic invasive weed and insect pests, nematodes, and plant pathogens |
|
|
Term
| biological enlightenment in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brief explanation of how insecticides can act on metabolism |
|
Definition
| Many insecticide groups act on a wide range of metabolic processes |
|
|
Term
| brief summary of how insects perceive the world |
|
Definition
-Smell with their antenna
-Some taste with their feet
-Hear with organs on their abdomen, legs or
antennae |
|
|
Term
| brief summary of insect physiology |
|
Definition
-Their skeleton on the outside
-A nerve cord extents along the lower side of the body
-A heart that lies above the alimentary tract
-No lungs, breathe through holes in their bodies
-Heart and blood not used to distribute oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct flame to burn more than an individual plant |
|
|
Term
| can relative methods be translated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| centipedes are in this class |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used as necessary and in a manner which is least disruptive to biological control |
|
|
Term
| cockroaches are in this order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| commonalities of IPM and organic |
|
Definition
-organic and IPM are both systems approaches to growing
-organic growers use IPM, such as cultural and biological controls
-some IPM growing practices are more common in conventional farming
-also, this picture:
[image] |
|
|
Term
| communication is important to changing this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of the tracheal system |
|
Definition
-spiracle
-trachea
-tracheoles |
|
|
Term
| concept fundamental to planning a successful IPM program |
|
Definition
know what the problem is before you apply
pesticides |
|
|
Term
| conceptual impediments to IPM |
|
Definition
lack of workable IPM models with reasonable action thresholds
most likely a result of the site-specific nature of a realistic IPM program… one size does NOT fit all. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to exercise restraint or direction over; dominate; command
or
to hold in check; curb
or
to test or verify (a scientific experiment) by a parallel experiment or other standard of comparison
or
to eliminate or prevent the flourishing or spread of |
|
|
Term
| cover crops strategy of habitat modification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crop rotation strategy of habitat modification |
|
Definition
| planting in sequence over time/season |
|
|
Term
| cytoplasmic incompatability |
|
Definition
| plasmids (independently replicating dna) or Wolbachia (parasitic bacteria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lowest level of injury that can be measured. This level of injury occurs before economic loss. |
|
|
Term
| decision making in IPM usually follows a protocol based on ______ – that should be - put in place by ______ for making the decision to implement an intervention… referred to as a(n) ______ |
|
Definition
an evaluation of a monitoring program
mutual consent of stakeholders
action threshold (AT) |
|
|
Term
| definition of IPM according to 1998 law |
|
Definition
| “sustainable approach to managing pests by combining cultural, biological, physical, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes econ, health, and environmental risks” |
|
|
Term
| definition of IPM according to the Children's Health Act of 2000 |
|
Definition
| "An approach to the management of pests in public facilities that combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.” |
|
|
Term
| definition of IPM according to the Food Quality Protection Act of 1998 |
|
Definition
| a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks |
|
|
Term
| definition of green pest management according to Wikipedia |
|
Definition
| a pest control strategy that sets pest action thresholds, monitors pest levels, takes steps to prevent pest problems and uses control methods that are organic (plant based) materials or materials of natural origin. Green pest management is an extension of integrated pest management and is similar in all regards except for the control methods. While both integrated pest management and green pest management choose the least risky pest control material, green pest management uses organic (plant based) materials or materials of natural origin. |
|
|
Term
| depiction how a nerve impulse occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how insect muscles are constructed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the insect nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| description of organic garden pest control |
|
Definition
-not oxymoron
-contains mix of preventative methods, as well as supporting the natural eco-systems found within nature |
|
|
Term
| description of the insect nervous system |
|
Definition
-decentralized
-located along the ventral side of the body
-consists of small brain and other ganglia |
|
|
Term
| descriptive action thresholds |
|
Definition
| a description of population growth is used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a description of population growth is made. Need for and timing of an action is based on expected future increase in injury rates. Uses current monitoring data to keep track of projected injury (as predicted by past injury) caused by a pest population to determine timing of actions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to discover the presence or existence |
|
|
Term
| dichotomous action thresholds (AT's) |
|
Definition
| uses monitoring data over time in a ‘timeseries’. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses monitoring data over time called timesequence sampling to make decisions on action thresholds – not calculated using units of space/area. |
|
|
Term
| differences between IPM and organic |
|
Definition
-organic food has broad consumer awareness and support
-organics also enjoy price premiums and have a standard: the USDA National Organic Program (NOP) |
|
|
Term
| disinfectants supposed to do this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do action thresholds have a scientific basis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do rodenticides work on insects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do you have to kill pests to manage a pest problem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does insecticide resistance happen at the individual level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does organic production allow GMO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much exposure causes particular problems ie. cancer, convulsions, death |
|
|
Term
| during WW1, soldiers noticed that some chemicals used in warfare did this |
|
Definition
| eliminated the lice, rats, and other pests |
|
|
Term
| during the Green Revolution, this resulted in huge increases in yields |
|
Definition
| widespread use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers along with mechanization of farming practices |
|
|
Term
| earwigs are in this order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cascade of events that lead to molt |
|
|
Term
| economic damage begins at... |
|
Definition
| the point when the cost of damage equals the cost of suppression. |
|
|
Term
| economic impediments to IPM |
|
Definition
| increased labor costs and lack of short term profit |
|
|
Term
| economic injury level (EIL) |
|
Definition
| Insect damage below this point that is acceptable but beyond which economic loss happens if no intervention occurs |
|
|
Term
| economic injury level (EIL) |
|
Definition
the lowest pest population density that will cause economic damage.
also the level of pest infestation below which the cost of further reducing the pest population exceeds the additional revenue or value of other benefits such reduction would achieve |
|
|
Term
| economic reasons to establish action thresholds |
|
Definition
-Cost of an intervention is weighted against the benefits gained…
-Can get complicated - to provide hard economic numbers to justify an intervention (or more appropriately not follow through with an action) - how do you put a $ value on a human life or a species of firefly? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the measure of Insect damage beyond which point an economic loss is suffered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a value in numbers of pests per unit of something (leaf, sweep net, light trap) that, if obtained from a sampling/monitoring/scouting program, requires some sort of intervention to prevent the pest population from reaching the density at which it can cause economic injury. |
|
|
Term
| educational impediments to IPM |
|
Definition
| practitioner training and clientele information transfer |
|
|
Term
| effective IPM preserves... |
|
Definition
| the utility and diversity of available insecticides. |
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of ideological approach to IPM |
|
Definition
-70% return to the same building
-92% no revision of original AP
-99% something else |
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of methodological approach to IPM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of population estimates with clumped distribution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of population estimates with random distribution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of temp for managing pests |
|
Definition
| usually effective for managing insect pests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AI liquid dispersed in carrier liquid (oil/vinegar)
when you mix it with water, it looks white |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with neurons, ganglia… produce hormones, stuff made and used inside the animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| under the exocuticle, but it’s hard and not fully differentiated |
|
|
Term
| environmental side effects of Green Revolution were evidenced by... |
|
Definition
| growers as pest population resurgence… a result of pesticide resistance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of wax on the outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hazard = Exposure X Toxicity |
|
|
Term
| essentially, organic agriculture does this |
|
Definition
| integrating cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, ecological balance, and biodiversity. Livestock also have a list of requirements, like no hormones or… |
|
|
Term
| essentially, organic production integrates ______ that foster ______. |
|
Definition
habitat modification, biological, and mechanical practices
cycling of resources, ecological balance, and biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| examples of inputs in an EIL |
|
Definition
-Degree day models
-Monitoring system
-Economics of system
-Action threshold
-Benefits of doing nothing… no intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce pheromones, which are produced in but used outside the animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the cuticle that’s visible on the outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determining how much exposure will be received by people during particular activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| female reproductive system in insects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fertilizers and soil amendments strategy of habitat modification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fixed action thresholds (AT's) |
|
Definition
| a percentage of EIL is used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a percentage of EIL used. Changeable but the level of EIL is ‘fixed’ at 70% or 90%... Usually to err on side of taking action even if not needed. Generally ignore pop dynamics & injury levels
(most common when pest population dynamics poorly understood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct 1000°C flame at individual plant |
|
|
Term
| for behavioral pest control, identify where these locations are |
|
Definition
| the hot spots of activity |
|
|
Term
| forces driving organic agriculture |
|
Definition
| Philosophy of fairness, farm worker protection, belief in a simple natural, pre-industrial lifestyle, healthier diets, food safety |
|
|
Term
| front view of winged thoractic segment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of mechanoreceptors on the bodies of insects |
|
Definition
-to know where the body parts are
-occasionally used as an early warning system by detecting sudden changes in air pressure |
|
|
Term
| function of the other ganglia |
|
Definition
| have autonomy to coordinate actions for other regions of the body |
|
|
Term
| functions of inert ingredients |
|
Definition
1. Ease of product handling
2. Makes measuring and mixing easier
3. Makes the AI ‘work better’
• Better penetration ?
• More selectivity ?
• Increased effectiveness ? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a locomotion device, kinda like a springboard |
|
|
Term
| genetics as an intervention |
|
Definition
| breeding/genetic manipulation |
|
|
Term
| goal of expedited review in IPM |
|
Definition
| ‘‘(iv) Broaden the adoption of integrated pest management strategies, or make such strategies more available or more effective” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small and irregular particles |
|
|
Term
| grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids are in this order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change ‘landscape’ conditions that help pests hide, feed or reproduce. Exclusion. |
|
|
Term
| habitat modification is in this category of pest management strategies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| has the U.S. signed on to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| health and safety reasons to establish action thresholds |
|
Definition
-Pests can cause injury to people; mosquitos, spiders, fleas, wasps…
-Certain insects transmit disease or cause allergic reactions
-Certain insects eat stored food
-Others impact structural integrity |
|
|
Term
| hemimetabolous development |
|
Definition
incomplete metamorphosis
•Immature insects are aquatic and breathe using gills.
•The immature and adults do not live in the same habitat.
this is the type of development that involves a nymph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the “blood” for insects. Watery fluid, which could be clear, greenish or yellowish in color. Important for circulating nutrition, wound defense and immune response. |
|
|
Term
| hexopods that aren't insects can be in this subclass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| holometabolous development |
|
Definition
complete metamorphosis
•Adults and young do not look alike and usually do not live in the same habitat.
•Immature form (larva) undergoes drastic change requiring an additional stage, the pupa before the last molt into adult. |
|
|
Term
| how Bt strain kills insects |
|
Definition
| produces crystalline protein that explodes gut in insects |
|
|
Term
| how IPM failures are analyzed |
|
Definition
| IPM failures usually analyzed from a technical, logistic, biological or technique perspective. |
|
|
Term
| how IPM has to be a team effort |
|
Definition
| constituents working together |
|
|
Term
| how IPM is coming along on the global stage |
|
Definition
| "There is confusion in assessing the adoption and success of ipm programs on the global stage. Pesticides are still the main strategy of many ipm programs." according to FAO report 2010 |
|
|
Term
| how IPM should hold people accountable |
|
Definition
| A report should be issued to all involved clientele after the first inspection. That initial report of inspection findings should include pest identification information as well as an initial action plan. That first report is supplemented or added to with each and every subsequent contact/communication/action so that there is a written record – a running commentary-associated with the IPM program. |
|
|
Term
| how a signal moves from one neuron to the other |
|
Definition
| An action potential moves to the next neuron when ‘messenger’ chemicals (neurotransmitters) are released into the synapse, space between neurons. |
|
|
Term
| how active ingredients among insecticides differ |
|
Definition
| a number of active ingredients have different target sites |
|
|
Term
| how an IPM plan should be outlined |
|
Definition
- Frequency of inspections/site visits
- Monitoring system
+equipment and methods
- Interventions
+equipment and methods
+responsible party |
|
|
Term
| how an inert ingredient might make the active ingredient work better |
|
Definition
• Better penetration ?
• More selectivity ?
• Increased effectiveness ? |
|
|
Term
| how bio-control of pests was originally done |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how blood is moved in the insect |
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure and peristaltic compression of the dorsal aorta (heart) moves hemolymph within the hemocoel or open body cavity. |
|
|
Term
| how chaining and dredging contributes to pest management |
|
Definition
| mechanical disruption of roots or stems of pest plants (aquatics and forests) |
|
|
Term
| how conditional mutations can be used to manage pests |
|
Definition
-cold/heat sensitive
-no diapause
-inability to fly
-no pheromone production or response
-color change. |
|
|
Term
| how decisions are made in IPM |
|
Definition
| Usually follows a protocol based on an evaluation of a monitoring program – that should be - put in place by mutual consent of stakeholders for making the decision to implement an intervention… referred to as an action threshold (AT) |
|
|
Term
| how decisions are usually made in IPM |
|
Definition
| by following protocols for making a decision to implement an intervention based on an action threshold, which serves as the justification for doing something |
|
|
Term
| how doing nothing can be a viable IPM intervention |
|
Definition
if it's:
-continued observations/monitoring
-education communication |
|
|
Term
| how early humans dealt w/ pests |
|
Definition
| by finger picking,swatting… fire/smoke |
|
|
Term
| how habitat modification tries to remove harborage sites |
|
Definition
-caulking cracks
-sealing holes
-overwintering sites |
|
|
Term
| how hybrid sterility is achieved |
|
Definition
| crossing closely related species to produce sterile offspring. |
|
|
Term
| how insecticide resistance by target site insensitivity works |
|
Definition
| each insecticide has a particular thing it attacks; resistant strains might have a slightly differently configured target site |
|
|
Term
| how insecticides can affect what happens in the nervous system |
|
Definition
| by affecting what happens in the synapse |
|
|
Term
| how insects can be categorized |
|
Definition
-by type of development
-by mouthparts
-by feeding habits
-by anthropomorphic attributes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Most insect species reproduce sexually
-A number of insect species reproduce asexually
-Some alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lice are ectoparasites of warm blooded animals; some feed on dead stuff and some puncture the skin |
|
|
Term
| how long have humans been around? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many insects are there? |
|
Definition
| about 10 quintillion individuals alive |
|
|
Term
| how many insects per person? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many orders within subclass Insecta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many species of insects currently exist? |
|
Definition
| estimated to be about 10 million |
|
|
Term
| how many species of insects identified? |
|
Definition
| 1,017,018 species identified |
|
|
Term
| how mitochondria can contribute to the development of insecticides |
|
Definition
| a lot of sites in the mitochondria can be used for the development of insecticides |
|
|
Term
| how mowing contributes to pest management |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of the named species are insects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how mulching contributes to pest management |
|
Definition
| conserve soil moisture, moderate soil temperatures (variety of organic and inorganic materials) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| through gaps called synapses |
|
|
Term
| how organic foods are produced |
|
Definition
| using methods that do not involve manmade inputs such as synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. GMO’s also not allowed. |
|
|
Term
| how organic is managed in the U.S. |
|
Definition
| In the US, ‘organic’ is managed in accordance with the Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA) of 1990 and by Title 7, Part 205 of the Code of Federal Regulations. |
|
|
Term
| how pheremones can be used to manage pests |
|
Definition
| mating disruption, mass trapping, push-pull, disruption of host finding |
|
|
Term
| how refugia by moderate use forestalls resistance |
|
Definition
| this maintains some of the susceptible individuals in the population |
|
|
Term
| how regulators need to encourage IPM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how self-limiting gene inserts can be used to manage pests |
|
Definition
| produce a product that shuts down other systems in the developing insect |
|
|
Term
| how soil tillage contributes to pest management |
|
Definition
| disrupt life cycle of pest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how temperature controls insects if the temperature is high enough |
|
Definition
| shuts down, which probably means death of insects |
|
|
Term
| how temperature controls insects if the temperature is low enough |
|
Definition
| nothing happens, that is, seems to be little to no growth |
|
|
Term
| how the effectiveness of IPM is evaluated |
|
Definition
| success and failure of IPM is determined from a variety of aspects |
|
|
Term
| how the ideological approach to IPM is carried out |
|
Definition
-no return to the same building
-verified by callbacks or reported activity |
|
|
Term
| how the methodological approach to IPM is carried out |
|
Definition
-specific area treated
-verified by site re-inspection (visual and w/ inspection tools) |
|
|
Term
| how the type of skeleton affects the muscles |
|
Definition
| because of the difference in the type of skeleton used, the way the muscles attach in the insects is different |
|
|
Term
| how to find AT for later time periods |
|
Definition
| ((% pests that survive)(lost revenue due to pests)) x (however many fold it increases with each time period)=AT |
|
|
Term
| how to find AT for the first time period |
|
Definition
(revenue w/o pests)-((% pests that survive)(lost revenue due to pests))-(amount spent on pesticides)=AT
do this for each possible alternative |
|
|
Term
| how to make a formulation decision |
|
Definition
| Choose a pesticide formulation that will best suit the intended target pest given application site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by way of all these educated people |
|
|
Term
| how vacuuming contributes to pest management |
|
Definition
| physically remove and crush/dispose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| human failure to adapt in IPM |
|
Definition
| exotic pests; laws/regulations; despite information refusal to implement |
|
|
Term
| human failure to anticipate in IPM |
|
Definition
| knowledge of pest density; pesticide resistance; adequate sampling |
|
|
Term
| human failure to learn in IPM |
|
Definition
| proper id; employ proper monitoring; not following established procedure |
|
|
Term
| identification of hazards |
|
Definition
| examines whether a stressor has the potential to cause harm to humans and/or ecological systems |
|
|
Term
| ideological approach to IPM |
|
Definition
| practical/business oriented/justifiable/customer response |
|
|
Term
| ideological measures of IPM success |
|
Definition
– No return to the same building
– Verified by “Callbacks” or reported activity
– 70% return to same bldg
– 92% no revision of original AP
– 99% revised AP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -The pragmatic/industry version -practical/business -oriented/justifiable/customer response |
|
|
Term
| ideological measures of IPM success |
|
Definition
| – No return to the same building – Verified by “Callbacks” or reported activity – 70% return to same bldg – 92% no revision of original AP – 99% revised AP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -The pragmatic/industry version -practical/business -oriented/justifiable/customer response |
|
|
Term
| if bedbugs don't like the temp in one room, they will... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important act passed in 1906 |
|
Definition
| Federal Food and Drugs Act |
|
|
Term
| important act passed in 1910 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important act passed in 1938 |
|
Definition
| Federal Food Drug & Cosmetic Act |
|
|
Term
| important act passed in 1947 |
|
Definition
| Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act |
|
|
Term
| important act passed in 1969 |
|
Definition
| National Environmental Policy Act |
|
|
Term
| importation of aussie beetle to control scale in CA citrus in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in Dr. Forschler's opinion, action thresholds must be decided with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in insects, this is equivalent to the real stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in practice, this provides sustainable and effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) |
|
Definition
| alternations, sequences or rotations of compounds from different MoA groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| other materials added with the AI when the product is formulated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release partially sterile individuals that pass on aberrant chromosomes in a wild population to produce sterile adults. |
|
|
Term
| insect ______ can impede IPM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insect behavior can ______ IPM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insecticide resistance by Enhanced Excretion/ Sequestration |
|
Definition
| this means insect speeding up its metabolism and excretion |
|
|
Term
| insecticide resistance by behavioral means |
|
Definition
| behavioral patterns that avert the insecticide |
|
|
Term
| insecticide resistance by differential rate of penetration |
|
Definition
| entry through the cuticle (complex structure) |
|
|
Term
| insecticide resistance by metabolic means |
|
Definition
| detoxification of AI ‘inside’ target pest... esterase, mixed function oxidase mono oxygenase (cytochrome P250/450) |
|
|
Term
| insecticide resistance by target site insensitivity |
|
Definition
| receptor site or phospholipid layer |
|
|
Term
| insecticide resistance is this type of phenomenon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insects have some hairs that do this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insects have these cells under the exoskeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insects have these types of sensory organs on their feet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insects perceive the world around them using... |
|
Definition
-sight
-sound/vibration
-small molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time between shedding exoskeleton and the addition of new exoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“Applied pest control which combines and
integrates biological and chemical control." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pest population management system that utilizes all suitable techniques in a compatible manner to reduce pest populations and maintain them at levels below those causing economic injury |
|
|
Term
| integrated pest management (IPM) |
|
Definition
| program of constituents functioning in cooperation to prevent or eliminate the flourishing and/or spread of an annoying or troubled thing |
|
|
Term
| integrated pest management definition according to FAO in 1980 |
|
Definition
| an interdisciplinary approach incorporating the judicious application of the most efficient methods of maintaining pest populations at tolerable levels |
|
|
Term
| integrated pest management definition according to Rabb and Guthrie in 1970 |
|
Definition
| the reduction of pest problems by actions selected after the life systems of the pests are understood and the ecological as well as economic consequences of these actions have been predicted, as accurately as possible, to be in the best interest of mankind |
|
|
Term
| integrated pest management definition according to the American Farmland Trust in 1992 |
|
Definition
| the coordinated use of pest and environmental information along with available pest control methods, including cultural, biological, genetic and chemical methods, to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment |
|
|
Term
| intercropping strategy of habitat modification |
|
Definition
| different crops same field same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any action taken to reduce a pest population or, more importantly, the potential for pest population growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acknowledges that pesticides are one possible tactic among a variety of options available when deciding on a course of action within an IPM program. |
|
|
Term
| iron sulfate herbicide in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| irrigation and water management strategy of habitat modification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maybe thru temporal involvement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| knowing when the insect is in this stage is critical to the success of an IPM program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lack of structure makes it hard to... |
|
Definition
| measure and validate results |
|
|
Term
| land grant colleges have this that help with identification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lawn shrimp are in this group of arthropods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| left side of winged thoractic segment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| legal restrictions reasons to establish action thresholds |
|
Definition
-Public health codes
-Legal codes
-Federal and State actions – legislation, regulation, quarantines |
|
|
Term
| lesson from the AT exercise |
|
Definition
| AT’s can be mobile targets that depend on a number of factors related to economics, health, tolerance, legal or other conditions. In other words… AT’s should be a product of numerous inputs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-often difficult
-low consumer awareness of IPM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-often lower yield
-restrictions on pesticides and fertilizers |
|
|
Term
| liquid nitrogen as a pest management strategy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major ions involved in nerve impulses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| making a pest population estimate requires... |
|
Definition
| requires making assumptions about the distribution of the insects in the area |
|
|
Term
| male reproductive system in insects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not a part of the insect digestive system, but arise on the anterior end of the hindgut. (Its function is to draw in waste from hemolymph and empty those waste products into the hindgut. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acknowledges that killing pests is not the ultimate endpoint of an IPM program. |
|
|
Term
| mechanical and physical interventions |
|
Definition
| smash, remove, exclude ‘em. |
|
|
Term
| mechanical/physical means of pest management |
|
Definition
-soil tillage
-mowing
-mulching
-chaining and dredging
-vacuuming |
|
|
Term
| mechanisms of insecticide resistance |
|
Definition
-differential rate of penetration
-metabolic
-target site insensitivity
-enhanced excretion/sequestration
-behavioral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| methodological approach to IPM |
|
Definition
| -scientific/measurable/biologically relevant reduction |
|
|
Term
| methodological measures of IPM success |
|
Definition
– Specific area treated
– Verified by site re-inspection (visual and with inspection tools)
– 99% - no activity at any specific location where intervention was originally conducted. |
|
|
Term
| methodological view of IPM |
|
Definition
-The academic/scientist version
-scientific/measurable/biologically relevant pest population reduction |
|
|
Term
| methods in organic production are used to minimize... |
|
Definition
| pollution from air, soil and water. |
|
|
Term
| millipedes are in this class |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process of shedding old cuticle in arthropods
regulated by hormones |
|
|
Term
| molting/ecdysis is regulated by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an arrangement for observing and recording changes in a population over time |
|
|
Term
| most IPM interventions are outside the realm of... |
|
Definition
| traditional pest management (pesticide applicator) services |
|
|
Term
| most IPM practitioners should have... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most insect populations will be this distribution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most insecticides affect... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most nerve toxins are formulated as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most of the chemicals that act on metabolic processes have to be ______ to work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mowing does this to weeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mulching does this to soil |
|
Definition
-conserves soil moisture
-moderates soil temp |
|
|
Term
| natural poisons that could be used for pest management |
|
Definition
-sulfur
-arsenic
-strychnine
-oils
-soaps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unclear, vague, or ill-defined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An action potential (a change in the chemical balance) that travels, in one direction, as a depolarization along the length of a nerve cell (neurons) ending at a synapse. |
|
|
Term
| objective Action Threshold (AT) or ET (economic threshold) |
|
Definition
| based on a calculated EIL, change with the primary variables (market values, costs, weather, pest species) |
|
|
Term
| objective action thresholds (AT's) |
|
Definition
| based on a calculated EIL… changes with the primary variables (market values, costs) |
|
|
Term
| once you have identified a pest, you have to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one example of a monitoring method |
|
Definition
| Placing white Styrofoam or plastic pans at soil surface below the plants throughout a field to collect larvae as they drop to pupate |
|
|
Term
| one thing Nixon asked Congress to do in 1969 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one thing that limits how big an arthropod can get |
|
Definition
| the way their respiratory system is; breathing thru gills or trachea and spiracles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foods produced using methods that do not involve manmade inputs such as synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. GMO’s also not allowed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cultural controls
-mechanical controls
-genetics and host plant resistance
-pheromones
-sterile-male techniques |
|
|
Term
| our definition of integrated pest management |
|
Definition
| A program of constituents functioning in cooperation to eliminate or prevent the flourishing and/or spread of an annoying or troublesome thing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paurometabolous development |
|
Definition
incomplete metamorphosis
•Nymphs superficially resemble adults.
•Nymphs and adults live and feed in the same habitat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| personal protective equipment (PPE) |
|
Definition
| on the label, saying what you should be employing to protect yourself; follow what the PPE instructions are |
|
|
Term
| pest control texts/treatise/products in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pest tolerance reasons to establish action thresholds |
|
Definition
-One persons pet is another's pest
-Perception is 99% of reality
-EDUCATION/COMMUNICATION SHOULD BE THE FIRST INTERVENTION, and the force that drives PM in urban areas the goal is fewer ‘sightings’. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any chemical used for killing pests |
|
|
Term
| pesticide labels contain info such as... |
|
Definition
-Registration number
-Brand name
-net contents
-Active ingredient/inert ingredients
-Manufacturer
-type of pesticide
-Type of formulation
-Mixing and use directions
-Storage, disposal and safety information
-Restricted-use designation
-signal words |
|
|
Term
| pesticide labels reflect... |
|
Definition
| US EPA risk assessment criteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sorting of a pest population targeted by a pesticide that results in decreased susceptibility to that particular pesticide. Resistance to pesticide is a classic example of natural selection... survivors pass on the genetic predisposition to survive and pass on their traits to the offspring. |
|
|
Term
| pesticides that don't have to go thru the regular toxicity/risk assessment evaluation process |
|
Definition
| those on the FIFRA 25-B list; all you gotta do is bottle it and put "insect killer" on it; some of these chemicals are volatile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seasonal appearance and disappearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periodic biological phenomena that are correlated with climatic conditions, such as plant flowering or bird migration |
|
|
Term
| pill bugs are in this order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| planting and harvesting dates strategy of habitat modification |
|
Definition
| favor plants discourage pests |
|
|
Term
| population density of insects |
|
Definition
| about 8,000 per square meter |
|
|
Term
| population estimates work best with ______ distribution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| population indice methods to estimate pest populations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| possible reasons that insect pathogens are not very marketable, even though many are very specific |
|
Definition
-not much money in it
-many of them have very short shelf life |
|
|
Term
| praying mantis is in this order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prior to molting, insects have to do this |
|
Definition
| go without feeding for some time, since they gotta shed the old gut as well |
|
|
Term
| priority is given to this in developing a pest management program |
|
Definition
| understanding the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in causing seasonal and annual change in pest populations |
|
|
Term
| public health codes do this to restaurants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| public perception impediments to IPM |
|
Definition
| the need to alleviate pest problems immediately, retain ‘high quality’ in produce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behavioral manipulation of insect pests and their natural enemies via the integration of stimuli that act to make the protected resource unattractive or unsuitable to the pests (push) while luring them toward an attractive source (pull) from where the pests are subsequently removed.
basically deterring them from what you're trying to protect and luering them away from what you're trying to protect |
|
|
Term
| reasons to establish action thresholds |
|
Definition
-health and safety reasons
-legal restrictions
-pest tolerance
-economics
-because Dr. Forschler said so |
|
|
Term
| relationship between inspection and pest identification |
|
Definition
| The inspection is the foundation of the IPM process while pest identification is the framing that provides integrity to a program. |
|
|
Term
| relative methods of estimating pest populations |
|
Definition
| estimate of pests per unit other than area. |
|
|
Term
| report of synthetic insecticide resistance… by houseflies in Sweden in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reports of resistance to lime sulfur in a scale in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| research impediments to IPM |
|
Definition
| lack of interdisciplinary collaboration and meaningful demonstration programs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the chance that damage to life, health, property, or the environment will occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determining a probability that a risk will occur |
|
|
Term
| risks IPM tries to minimize |
|
Definition
-econ
-health
-environmental |
|
|
Term
| role of the circulatory system in insect respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| safety and least toxic relates to ______... NOT ______. |
|
Definition
the use pattern, amount, exposure time, route of exposure
the source of the AI |
|
|
Term
| sales of organic foods have been the most in this category |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sanitation pertaining to agriculture |
|
Definition
-Crop residues in fields
-Steam cleaning equipment
-Using clean irrigation water
-Using certified seed or tubers/rootstock |
|
|
Term
| sanitation pertaining to food |
|
Definition
-reduction in food resources.
-cleanliness – spills, residues garbage cans |
|
|
Term
| sanitation pertaining to water |
|
Definition
| reduce sources of moisture and standing water. |
|
|
Term
| self-limiting gene inserts |
|
Definition
| produces protein that messes with the normal systems such that they die shortly after they’re born; this gene can be passed on; Oxytech did this |
|
|
Term
| smell and taste in insects compared to us |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| smother crops strategy of habitat modification |
|
Definition
| cash value weed suppression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AI dissolves in water, such as (sugar/water) |
|
|
Term
| some anthropomorphic attributes insects can have |
|
Definition
-Beneficial
-pest
-innocuous |
|
|
Term
| some arthropod characteristics |
|
Definition
1. Segmented body
2. Paired appendages.
3. Bilaterally symmetry
4. Exoskeleton made of chitin
5. Tubular alimentary canal
6. Open circulatory system
7. Nervous system with anterior ganglion, leading to a ventral nerve cord
8. Skeletal muscles are striated
9. Malphigian tubules are organs of removing metabolic waste
10. Respiration using gills or trachea and spiracles |
|
|
Term
| some autocidal techniques to manage pests |
|
Definition
-behavioral changes
-self-limiting gene inserts
-inherited sterility
-conditional mutations
-hybrid sterility
-cytoplasmic incompatability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-addresses any pest
-lower pesticide residues
-lower costs
-fewer health and environmental impacts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fewer adverse environmental impacts
-no synthetic pesticide residues |
|
|
Term
| some biological controls that can be used in IPM |
|
Definition
-predators-- eat multiple prey
-parasite-- don’t kill host
-parasitoids-- which kill host
-pathogens |
|
|
Term
| some challenges for implementing IPM |
|
Definition
-Biology is dynamic and complex
-Pests are adaptable and have a history of overcoming attempts at control.
-Pesticide Resistance – genetic selection
-Habitat modification– crw overcame corn/soybean annual rotation
-Resistant plant varieties – hessian fly in wheat
-Behavioral – roach bait aversion |
|
|
Term
| some challenges to growers doing the things they need to do |
|
Definition
-water and air pollution
-loss of beneficial organisms
-increasing resiliance of pests |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics all arthropods have in common |
|
Definition
-Bilateral symmetry
-Tubular alimentary tract
-Chitinous exoskeleton
-Open circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of IPM |
|
Definition
-interdisciplinary
-judicious
-multiple tactics |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of lice |
|
Definition
lice are ectoparasites of warm blooded animals; some feed on dead stuff and some puncture the skin
have sucking or chewing mouthparts |
|
|
Term
| some details about behavioral interventions in an IPM program |
|
Definition
-pheremones-- mating disruption, mass trapping, push-pull, disruption of hosts +chemical signals can be used to disrupt behavior and mating, leading to lower pest population
-understand the system you’re working with
-trap placement is critical
-identify where the hot spots of activity are
-grocery stores are cold because it slows down life cycle and extends shelf life |
|
|
Term
| some details about genetics as an IPM strategy |
|
Definition
-host plant resistance
+lotsa different aspects to this
-sterile insect release-- grow lotta bugs where you put them thru radiation to make them sterile and release them
-other autocidal techniques
+behavioral changes
+self-limiting gene inserts-- produces protein that messes with the normal systems such that they die shortly after they’re born; this gene can be passed on; Oxytech did this
+inherited sterility
+conditional mutations
+hybrid sterility
+cytoplasmic incompatibility
+wolbachia (parasitic bacteria)
+a bunch of them
+all of these aimed at reducing dependence on pesticides |
|
|
Term
| some details about habitat modification in an IPM program |
|
Definition
-means something different depending on the habitat
-remove harborage sites
-reduce clutter
+this has become a bigger concern
-lighting patterns
+critical in lots of instances; predators find food here
-exclusion, which is keeping them out |
|
|
Term
| some details about mechanical and physical interventions in an IPM program |
|
Definition
-soil tillage disrupts life cycle
-mowing keeps weeds short
-mulching-- conserve soil moisture, moderate soil temp
-chaining and dredging-- mechanical disruption of roots or stems of pest plants
-vacuuming-- physically remove and crush/dispose
-flyswatter
-crushers-- food production, allows 4lbs. /yr
-the way it's done depends on the pest |
|
|
Term
| some details about the insect circulatory system |
|
Definition
-open
-uses hemolymph
-uses hydrostatic pressure and peristaltic compression |
|
|
Term
| some details about trapping in an IPM program |
|
Definition
-usually done w/ vertebrate pests
-trapping usually used for monitoring |
|
|
Term
| some differences between centipedes and millipedes |
|
Definition
Centipedes: 1 pair of legs per segment and mostly predatory
Millipedes: 2 pairs of legs per segment and mostly detritus feeders |
|
|
Term
| some efforts used in the multiple efforts approach to forestalling resistance |
|
Definition
-Alternation
-Sequence
-mixtures
Logical but little data to support any |
|
|
Term
| some examples of absolute methods for estimating pest populations |
|
Definition
-Distance to nearest neighbor
-Sample a unit of habitat
-Mark-release-recapture
-Removal trapping |
|
|
Term
| some examples of adjuvants |
|
Definition
-surfactants
-spreaders
-wetting agents
-colorant dyes
-buffers
-antifoaming agents
-compatibility agents colorants/dyes
-thickeners
this is basically stuff you would wanna mix in with the pesticide |
|
|
Term
| some examples of cultural controls |
|
Definition
-grazing
-crop rotations
-tillage
-cultivation
-reseeding
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| some examples of habitat modification |
|
Definition
-smother crops
-cover crops
-intercropping
-crop rotation
-planting and harvesting dates
-irrigation and water management
-fertilizers and soil amendments |
|
|
Term
| some examples of mechanical controls |
|
Definition
-prescribed fire
-mowing/clipping
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| some examples of pest indice methods to estimate pest population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some examples of relative methods for estimating pest populations |
|
Definition
-Visual search
-pest complaint log
-Sticky trap
-Pitfall trap
-Light trap
-Baited trap |
|
|
Term
| some feeding habits insects can have |
|
Definition
-Herbivore
-predator
-parasite/parasitoid
-scavenger
-detritivore |
|
|
Term
| some general anatomy of an insect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some human failures in IPM |
|
Definition
failure to...
-learn
-anticipate
-adapt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-technical
-public perception
-conceptual
-educational
-economic
-research |
|
|
Term
| some insects do this on whatever they're standing on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some insects in which ametabolous development occurs |
|
Definition
- Thysanura (silverfish)
- Collemobola (springtails) |
|
|
Term
| some insects in which hemimetabolous development occurs |
|
Definition
-Plecoptera (stoneflies)
-Odonata (dragonflies)
-Ephemerorptera (mayflies) |
|
|
Term
| some insects in which holometabolous development occurs |
|
Definition
- Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)
- Diptera (flies)
- Coleoptera (beetles)
- Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps)
- Siphonptera (fleas) |
|
|
Term
| some insects in which paurometabolous development occurs |
|
Definition
- Blattodea (cockroaches, termites)
- Hemiptera (true bugs)
- Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets) |
|
|
Term
| some major limitations of the EIL concept |
|
Definition
1. Lack of a thorough mathematical definition of ET
2. Lack of valid EILs
3. Inability to make cost effective and accurate pest population estimates
4. Inability to predict critical ET variables such as market values and pest population trends
5. Lack of a simple means to incorporate concepts such as environmental costs, health benefits, psychological improvements, or life saving into EILs |
|
|
Term
| some methods of estimating pest populations |
|
Definition
-absolute methods
-relative methods
-population indice |
|
|
Term
| some natural poisons that were used to deal w/ pests |
|
Definition
-sulfur
-arsenic
-strychnine
-oils
-soaps |
|
|
Term
| some pest management interventions |
|
Definition
-Sanitation – keep things clean
-Habitat modification – change ‘landscape’ conditions that help pests hide, feed or reproduce. Exclusion.
-Mechanical and Physical – smash, remove, exclude ‘em.
-Trapping – catch pests
-Behavioral – repel, attract and kill, sex pheromones
-Temperature – too hot or cold
-Biological Control – using biological agents
-Genetics –breeding/genetic manipulations
-Pesticides – applying poisons |
|
|
Term
| some potential interventions in an IPM program |
|
Definition
-habitat moodification
-mechanical and physical interventions
-trapping
-behavioral
-pest population
-temperature
-biological controls
-genetics |
|
|
Term
| some problems that can be caused by DEET and clothing treated with the synthetic pesticide permethrin |
|
Definition
| headaches and could cause more severe, long term health problems |
|
|
Term
| some problems that the chemical DEET in bug sprays can cause if used often |
|
Definition
-headaches
-nausea
-psychological problems |
|
|
Term
| some regulations for organic livestock production |
|
Definition
-Generally, managed organically from the last third of gestation (mammals) or second day of life (poultry).
- Allowed year-round access to the outdoors except under specific conditions (e.g., inclement weather).
- Raised on certified organic land meeting all organic crop production standards.
- Raised per animal health and welfare standards.
-Fed 100 percent certified organic feed, except for trace minerals and vitamins used to meet the animal’s nutritional requirements.
- Managed without antibiotics, added growth hormones, mammalian or avian byproducts, or other prohibited feed ingredients (e.g., urea, manure, or arsenic compounds). |
|
|
Term
| some site specific things that need to be communicated in IPM |
|
Definition
1. conditions
2. suggested solutions
3. actions taken |
|
|
Term
| some temperature interventions in an IPM program |
|
Definition
-flaming-- direct 1000degreeC flame individual plant
-burning-- direct flame to burn more than an individual plant
-steam-- into soil or mattress
-liquid N-- into walls?
-freezer storage, heat chambers
-if bedbugs don’t like the temperature in one room, they’ll go to the next room |
|
|
Term
| some things about insect reproduction that could factor into how to manage the pest |
|
Definition
-Pheromones
-Mating rituals
-Number of matings |
|
|
Term
| some things an insect generally has |
|
Definition
-a pair of compound eyes
-3 pairs of jointed legs
-1 pair of antennae |
|
|
Term
| some things growers need to do |
|
Definition
-feed a growing population
-increase ag land productivity
-preserve health and environmental integrity for future generations
-meet rising expectations for higher quality food |
|
|
Term
| some things that affect toxicity |
|
Definition
-route of entry
-time of exposure
-number of exposures
-mode of action of the toxin
-physical action of the toxin
-genetic makeup of the exposed
-overall health and age of exposed |
|
|
Term
| some things that happened during the Green Revolution in the 1940's and 1950's |
|
Definition
-widespread use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers along with mechanization of farming practices resulted in huge increases in yields.
-Pesticides and fertilizers were often applied as a prophylactic.
-Environmental side affects were evidenced by growers as pest population resurgence… a result of pesticide resistance. |
|
|
Term
| some things to consider when making a formulation decision |
|
Definition
– Safety, ease of use
– Human/non-target exposure concerns
– Phytotoxicity; visible residues
– Application equipment considerations
– Pest biology considerations
you have to understand how the equipment can handle it |
|
|
Term
| some things to understand about the enviromnemt |
|
Definition
-how it affects crop growth
-how it affects pest development |
|
|
Term
| some things to understand about the pest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things to understand in IPM |
|
Definition
-the crop
-the pest
-the pest and the life cycle
-the environment |
|
|
Term
| some things to understand about the pest life cycle |
|
Definition
-when it's present
-when it's most susceptible to control ("weak link")
-"weak link" |
|
|
Term
| some times the Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was amended |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of development by which insects can be categorized |
|
Definition
-Ametabolous
-hemimetabolus
-paurometabolous
-holometabolous |
|
|
Term
| some types of liquid formulations |
|
Definition
-solution
-suspension
-emulsion |
|
|
Term
| some types of methods for pest management |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-virus
-fungus
-microsporidians
-bacteria
-wolbachia-- does crazy stuff inside cells
-nematodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-defense
-Communicate availability of mates or food…
-Alarm
-Aggregation
-Trail following
-Development |
|
|
Term
| some ways to forestall resistance |
|
Definition
Moderate use - refugia
Increased use – nuke-’em
Multiple efforts - Alternation, Sequence, mixtures,
Logical but little data to support any |
|
|
Term
| some ways to modify habitat |
|
Definition
-removing harborage sites
-remove alternate food resources
-reduce clutter
-lighting patterns
-exclusion |
|
|
Term
| something about harvestmen |
|
Definition
| harvestmen aren’t even spiders; they sometimes feed on decaying fruit and such |
|
|
Term
| something about how pests migrate |
|
Definition
| Pests migrate or move into habitats and over time may spread throughout that habitat. It is important to detect the initial movement into a habitat (and the causes) and know that subsequent movements may be predictable given the system and surrounding environment. |
|
|
Term
| something about insect vision |
|
Definition
-see single image
-pick up light at different wavelengths |
|
|
Term
| something about mixtures used to forestall resistance |
|
Definition
| made by mixing 2 active ingredients in the same formulation |
|
|
Term
| something about nuking them to forestall resistance |
|
Definition
| nobody advocates that anymore; sometimes used in urban areas called "clean-out" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-kinda social cockroaches
-kinda "white ants" |
|
|
Term
| something about the nervous system of arthropods |
|
Definition
| their nervous system isn’t as organized as ours; they have a nerve cord that runs down their belly; each segment has a little brain associated with it |
|
|
Term
| something about the respiration of certain small insects |
|
Definition
| depend more on the diffusion of O2 thru the integument |
|
|
Term
| something that might constitute holometabolous development (complete metamorphosis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that must be explained in the Action Plan of an IPM program and why |
|
Definition
| The establishment and agreement among stakeholders on the monitoring program and point at which action is taken must be explained in the Action Plan so that everyone involved understands why it is important to do nothing |
|
|
Term
| sometimes, you can mitigate pest problems by planting... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Special opening on the integument of the exoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| state of Georgia says you can't do this to treat this pest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steam as a pest management intervention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grow lotta bugs where you put them thru radiation to make them sterile and release them |
|
|
Term
| strategic agricultural initiative needs ______ to demonstrate results |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strategic agricultural initiative needs revisions to demonstrate ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strategy IPM might want to market |
|
Definition
| strategy that's profitable |
|
|
Term
| structure of the insect integument |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| subjective/nominal action thresholds (AT's) |
|
Definition
| practitioner experience, stakeholder perceptions/needs. |
|
|
Term
| supervised control of insects |
|
Definition
| utilizes parasites and predators and makes chemical control more efficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AI solids suspended in a liquid, such as (sand/water)
has to be constantly mixed |
|
|
Term
| technical impediments to IPM |
|
Definition
| lack of simple, effective monitoring devices and methods |
|
|
Term
| the 2 extremes that can be found among insect nervous systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 types of incomplete metamorphosis |
|
Definition
-hemimetabolous
-paurometabolous |
|
|
Term
| the 3 regions an insect's body is divided into |
|
Definition
| head, thorax, and abdomen |
|
|
Term
| the 4 parts risk assessment can be divided into |
|
Definition
-identification of hazards
-dose response
-exposure assessment
-risk characterization |
|
|
Term
| the 8 components of the IPM process according to Dr. Forschler |
|
Definition
-inspect
-identify
-communicate and keep records
-develop action plan
-implement action plan
-monitor-- scout-sample
-re-evaluate action plan
-monitor/inspect/identify (this is the sustainability part of it because this is where you repeat) |
|
|
Term
| the IPM process tries to acheive a common goal determined by... |
|
Definition
| a mutual agreement w/ stakeholders |
|
|
Term
| the SAI has a lack of this |
|
Definition
structure
this makes it hard to measure and validate results |
|
|
Term
| the basis for most economic injury models |
|
Definition
damage threshold
that is, you're gonna lose money, but you gotta compare the money loss with the the cost of implementation of pest management |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the body plan for insects |
|
Definition
-divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen
-1 pair of antennae
-3 pairs of legs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the class that coinsists of the majority of named species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the componens of an insect's digestive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the concept of IPM was birthed as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the definition of "organic production" that was adopted into the USDA National Organic Program (NOP) Regulation at 7 CFR 205 |
|
Definition
| A production system that is managed in accordance with the Act and regulations in this part to respond to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity. |
|
|
Term
| the digestive system of all arthropods is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the diversity of mite lifestyles |
|
Definition
| mites display every conceivable lifestyle, from parasitic to predatory, even such that they’re very specific about where they live |
|
|
Term
| the effectiveness of a pest management method depends on... |
|
Definition
| how the insect moves around |
|
|
Term
| the electrochemical potential along an axon |
|
Definition
-outside positive
-inside negative |
|
|
Term
| the first recorded use of bio-control was probably... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the foundation of the IPM process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the framing that provides integrity to an IPM program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the function of cover crops |
|
Definition
-suppress weeds
-provide ‘cover’ for beneficials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sustainable (Is it?... maybe through temporal involvement) verifiable and environmentally responsible reductions in pest incursions that invite economic hardship or impact plant, human and animal welfare |
|
|
Term
| the goal of organic production |
|
Definition
| to display the USDA certified seal |
|
|
Term
| the government allows this much insect matter in your food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hardest thing to convince somebody of |
|
Definition
| convincing them that they don't have a problem |
|
|
Term
| the importance of pesticides in IPM |
|
Definition
| Remain an integral part of many IPM programs. |
|
|
Term
| the insect brain coordinates... |
|
Definition
| inputs from eyes, antennae, mouth and foregut |
|
|
Term
| the inspection is the ______ of the ipm process while pest ID is the ______ |
|
Definition
foundation
framing that provides integrity to a program |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An organized or structured (program) where
constituent units function cooperatively against |
|
|
Term
| the kinds of action thresholds (AT's) |
|
Definition
-subjective/nominal
-objective
-fixed
-descriptive
-dichotomous |
|
|
Term
| the kinds of action thresholds (AT's) in order of frequency of use |
|
Definition
1: subjective/nominal
2: objective
3: fixed
4: descriptive
5: dichotomous |
|
|
Term
| the land organic livestock is raised on |
|
Definition
| certified organic land meeting all organic crop production standards. |
|
|
Term
| the lasting effect of Silent Spring |
|
Definition
| mobilized public sentiment against pesticides |
|
|
Term
| the level of "sophistication" in each kind of Action Threshold (AT) or ET’s (economic threshold) depends on... |
|
Definition
| existing data and needs of a particular program. |
|
|
Term
| the life cycle of some insects |
|
Definition
1: egg case
2: nymph
3: nymph
4: adult
goes back to step 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main strategy of many IPM programs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to eliminate or prevent the flourishing or spread of that ‘thing’ |
|
|
Term
| the message of IPM continues to evolve, but what remains the same? |
|
Definition
| the mechanics of the pest control themes |
|
|
Term
| the methodology used to determine the AT should be communicated with... |
|
Definition
| all involved stakeholders. |
|
|
Term
| the most important thing to remember about controlling pests in the yard and garden |
|
Definition
| annihilation is not the answer! |
|
|
Term
| the most varied group of animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only pesticides that require efficacy evaluations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the order ants, wasps, and bees are in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the order butterflies, moths, and caterpillars are in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of organic livestock feed that doesn't have to be certified organic |
|
Definition
| trace minerals and vitamins used to meet the animal’s nutritional requirements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an annoying or troublesome person, animal, or
thing |
|
|
Term
| the phylum arthropods are in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the phylum that comprises most of the named organisms on Earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the principal guidelines for organic production |
|
Definition
to use materials and practices that...
-enhance the ecological balance of natural systems
-integrate the parts of the farming system into an ecological whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assessing pest populations |
|
|
Term
| the process of molting/ecdysis |
|
Definition
| turns out that molting fluid is secreted under the cuticle to make it able to come off and make room for the new cuticle |
|
|
Term
| the purpose of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 |
|
Definition
| To declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation. |
|
|
Term
| the realities faced by the practitioner in IPM |
|
Definition
-record keeping
-communication
-time
-costs |
|
|
Term
| the relationship between temperature and growth of plants and insects |
|
Definition
| growth increases with temperature to a point, and then starts to decline |
|
|
Term
| the requirements for USDA certified grass-fed |
|
Definition
| The grass-fed marketing claim standard requires that animals be fed only grass and forage, with the exception of milk consumed prior to weaning. Animals certified under this program cannot be fed grain or grain byproducts and must have continuous access to pasture during the growing season. |
|
|
Term
| the role of academia in IPM |
|
Definition
| Provide Pragmatic Demonstration projects Educational opportunities |
|
|
Term
| the role of the clientele in IPM |
|
Definition
| accept responsibility for involvement in the program |
|
|
Term
| the role of the regulators in IPM |
|
Definition
| encourage thru incentives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WHATEVER YOU DETERMINE IN AGREEMENT WITH THE STAKEHOLDERS |
|
|
Term
| the stage in a fly's life cycle that damages ag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stage most insects spend most of their life in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the standards organic livestock is raised under |
|
Definition
| Raised per animal health and welfare standards. |
|
|
Term
| the subphylum insects are in |
|
Definition
| Atelocerata (breathe by trachea) |
|
|
Term
| the sustainable part of IPM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the taxonomic classification of insects |
|
Definition
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Atelocerata
Class: Hexapoda
Subclass: Insecta |
|
|
Term
| the term Green Revolution first used in ______ by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the term green revolution coined by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the term green revolution first used... |
|
Definition
| in 1968 by USAID referencing the research and technology transfer initiatives in the 1940’s and’50’s that increased agricultural production |
|
|
Term
| the thing that moves along the axon during the nerve impulse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everybody’s doing it, but nobody’s doing it together in the spirit of IPM; IPM consistently gets reinvented |
|
|
Term
| the thing within the landscape that habitat modification relates to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the time of management activity |
|
Definition
| the time between times when the number of insects reaches or exceeds the economic threshold (ET) |
|
|
Term
| the timing of assessment of pest populations should be based on... |
|
Definition
| what is known about the pest phenology and biology |
|
|
Term
| the trouble with IPM action plans |
|
Definition
| most are not within the scope of traditional pest management (pesticide applicator) services |
|
|
Term
| the type of metamorphosis fleas undergo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of metamorphosis in beetles |
|
Definition
| the adult stage undergoes complete metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
| the type of mouthparts caterpillars have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of mouthparts in the moths and butterflies that are nectar feeders, if they eat at all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of mouthparts that flies have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the types of cures early people had |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the types of insect mouthparts |
|
Definition
-Chewing
-Sucking
-Piercing/sucking
-Lapping |
|
|
Term
| the types of mouthparts lice have |
|
Definition
| sucking or chewing mouthparts |
|
|
Term
| the types of muscles insects have |
|
Definition
| striated muscles, like we do |
|
|
Term
| the types of population distributions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the use of pesticides and fertilizers in the 1940’s and 1950’s was in the midst of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the white stringy things you see in the exuvia (shed exoskeleton) are... |
|
Definition
| where the respiratory system has been molted as well |
|
|
Term
| these codes will compel restaurants to act |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these steps are critical to inspection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these things are positively correlated to the number of weed control strategies adopted |
|
Definition
-More intensive information-seeking and on-farm experimentation
-higher educational attainment
-intensity of commitment to organic farming |
|
|
Term
| things to consider regarding how the environment affects crop growth |
|
Definition
-stress
-time within susceptible stage |
|
|
Term
| things to consider regarding how the environment affects pest development |
|
Definition
-high mortality
-high survival |
|
|
Term
| things to consider when trying to Understand Crop Growth and Development |
|
Definition
• How do you grow a healthy crop?
• When is the crop mostm susceptible to pest damage?
• When is the crop under stress? |
|
|
Term
| things to consider when trying to understand the environment regarding IPM |
|
Definition
-how it affects crop growth
-how it affects pest development |
|
|
Term
| things to consider when trying to understand the pest |
|
Definition
• Proper ID
• Understanding of Pest Life cycle |
|
|
Term
| things to consider when trying to understand the pest life cycle |
|
Definition
• When is the pest present
• When is it most susceptible to control-”Weak Link”
• When is too late to control |
|
|
Term
| this at the bottom of the IPM pyramid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this book raised public sentinent against pesticides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this can outweigh technology in the long run |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this causes a "wave" that goes down the nerve cell |
|
Definition
| cations get in there for the briefest of seconds |
|
|
Term
| this commits the animal to molting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this component of IPM is a big part of the reason for IPM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this department at UGA is dooing lots of research with IPM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this determines whether the insect is juvenile or adult in the next molt |
|
Definition
| juvenile hormone; this determines the course of insect development |
|
|
Term
| this has encouraged the development and utilization of alternative pest control techniques |
|
Definition
| recognition of the problems associated with widespread pesticide application |
|
|
Term
| this hormone is the main trigger for ecdysis/molting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is still the main strategy of many IPM programs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is at the top of the IPM pyramid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is critical to an IPM program |
|
Definition
| pest ID, often to the species level |
|
|
Term
| this is in the middle of the IPM pyramid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is often done to food exported from the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is often the damaging stage of an insect's life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is perhaps the most knowledge-intensive intervention type within the IPM toolbox. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is what you want to use the least of in IPM |
|
Definition
pesticides
this is why they're at the top |
|
|
Term
| this makes it hard to measure and validate results |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this must be maintained for the nerve cell to work properly |
|
Definition
| the electrochemical gradient |
|
|
Term
| this part of the insect nervous system is often referred to as the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this should be part of the communication and record keeping component of IPM as well |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this thing from IRAC is now on all insecticide labels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this thing in insects is analogous to the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this water can bring pathogens to a field |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| timeline of important events in pest management |
|
Definition
1700’s biological enlightenment
1800’s pest control texts/treatise/products
1888 importation of aussie beetle to control scale in CA citrus
1896 iron sulfate herbicide (1st selective)
1901 biocontrol of a weed, Lantana in HI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cultural
-biological
-chemical
-physical |
|
|
Term
| toxicity is affected by... |
|
Definition
-Route of entry
-Time of exposure
-Number of exposures
-Mode of action of the toxin
-Physical form of the toxin
-Genetic makeup of the exposed
-Overall health and age of exposed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Series of tubes that carry gases from spiracles to the body tissues. (Diameter is larger than tracheoles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plays a major role in insect respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar function to trachea. Diameter is smaller in size than trachea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trend in levels of ecdysone and juvenile hormone in an insect's lifetime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of circulatory system in insects |
|
Definition
| Open circulatory system (different from humans and vertebrates) within the hemocoel, the cavity created by the exoskeleton. |
|
|
Term
| types of mouthparts that insects can have |
|
Definition
-Chewing
-sucking
-sponging/lapping |
|
|
Term
| visible residues usually a result of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| we have natural products for controlling insects, but intervention with such should be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what FAO report from 2010 says about IPM on a global stage |
|
Definition
| FAO report from 2010 says there is confusion in assessing the adoption and success of IPM programs on the global stage. Pesticides are still main strategy of many IPM programs. |
|
|
Term
| what Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) required the EPA to do regarding IPM |
|
Definition
| Specifically, FQPA required EPA to promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM), and implement IPM education, research, and demonstration programs. FQPA also required EPA to create incentives to maintain existing, and develop new, minor use pesticides. |
|
|
Term
| what GMO prohibition in organic production means for producers |
|
Definition
| This means an organic farmer can’t plant GMO seeds, an organic cow can’t eat GMO alfalfa or corn, and an organic soup producer can’t use any GMO ingredients. |
|
|
Term
| what IPM as an ag discipline was all about |
|
Definition
| reducing use of Pesticides in a monoculture habitat that does not translate well to heterogeneous urban landscapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pest biology considerations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of a mode of action classification of insecticides |
|
|
Term
| what an IPM action plan should outline |
|
Definition
| some features related to the pest management portion of the program, such as frequency of inspections/site visits, monitoring system, and interventions |
|
|
Term
| what an insect's abdomen usually has |
|
Definition
• Reproductive organs
• Digestive organs |
|
|
Term
| what an insect's head usually has |
|
Definition
• 1 pair of antennae
• 1 pair of mandibles
• 1 hypopharynx and labium |
|
|
Term
| what an insect's thorax usually has |
|
Definition
• 3 pairs of legs
• 1 or 2 pairs of wings |
|
|
Term
| what chaining and dredging does regarding pest plants |
|
Definition
| mechanical disruption of roots or stems of pest plants |
|
|
Term
| what could be in the future for integrated weed management |
|
Definition
| robots killing each weed individually using the methods needed for each particular weed |
|
|
Term
| what epidermal skin does to facilitate molting |
|
Definition
| secretes molting fluid that digests old cuticle |
|
|
Term
| what habitat modification means by exclusion |
|
Definition
| screens, sealing cracks and crevices that allow entry into a structure |
|
|
Term
| what habitat modification means by reducing clutter |
|
Definition
| by getting rid of junk inside and outside of the structure |
|
|
Term
| what happens to blood after a flea ingests it |
|
Definition
| blood doesn't stay in the digestive tract long enough to be completely digested; provides food for the cannibalistic larvae |
|
|
Term
| what intercropping strategy of habitat modification can do |
|
Definition
| serve as a trap crop or reduce weeds |
|
|
Term
| what is shed in ecdysis/molting |
|
Definition
| All cuticular structures, including linings of alimentary tract and trachae. |
|
|
Term
| what neurotransmitters have to jump across |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organic livestock is fed |
|
Definition
| 100 percent certified organic feed, except for trace minerals and vitamins used to meet the animal’s nutritional requirements. |
|
|
Term
| what organic livestock is managed without |
|
Definition
-antibiotics
-added growth hormones
-mammalian or avian byproducts
-other prohibited feed ingredients (e.g., urea, manure, or arsenic compounds). |
|
|
Term
| what pheremones can be used for in an IPM program |
|
Definition
| mating disruption, mass trapping, push-pull, disruption of hosts finding, all helping to lead to lower pest population |
|
|
Term
| what some ground dwelling insects have on their spiracles |
|
Definition
| special plates to keep water out |
|
|
Term
| what the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act did |
|
Definition
| basically required EPA to promote IPM |
|
|
Term
| what the Oakland ban on pesticides really bans |
|
Definition
| it essentially just bans common people from using pesticides, that is, you and your neighbor |
|
|
Term
| what the Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 did |
|
Definition
• The establishment and enforcement of environmental protection standards consistent with national environmental goals.
• The conduct of research on the adverse effects of pollution and on methods and equipment for controlling it; the gathering of information on pollution; and the use of this information in strengthening environmental protection programs and recommending policy changes.
• Assisting others, through grants, technical assistance and other means, in arresting pollution of the environment.
• Assisting the Council on Environmental Quality in developing and recommending to the President new policies for the protection of the environment. |
|
|
Term
| what the book Silent Spring did |
|
Definition
| Illustrated detrimental effects of pesticides on non-target organisms, mainly birds…hence the title. |
|
|
Term
| what the cost of control has to be to justify control |
|
Definition
| cost of control has to be less than the economic loss to justify control |
|
|
Term
| what the hindgut is used for |
|
Definition
| mostly absorption of water and other useful metabolites, excrete waste |
|
|
Term
| what the labeling term "organic" refers to |
|
Definition
| agricultural products produced in accordance with Organic Foods Production Act and the NOP Regulations |
|
|
Term
| what the midgut is equivalent to |
|
Definition
| the real ‘stomach’ that digests food taken by insects (enzymes are secreted, and digested substances absorbed. |
|
|
Term
| when an insect becomes an adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when insect repellents with harmful chemicals may be necessary |
|
Definition
| if you're traveling to a place where serious insect-borne diseases are a real threat |
|
|
Term
| when livestock mammals are raised organically |
|
Definition
| generally last 3rd of gestation onward |
|
|
Term
| when most people want to get rid of pest problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when organic livestock isn't allowed access to the outdoors |
|
Definition
| specific conditions, such as inclement weather |
|
|
Term
| when poultry is raised organically |
|
Definition
| generally 2nd day of life onward |
|
|
Term
| when the economic injury level (EIL) is known as the Aesthetic Injury Level (AIL) |
|
Definition
| when the benefits under consideration are social (relative freedom from nuisance but otherwise harmless) |
|
|
Term
| where biological controls are on the IPM pyramid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where other tools are on the IPM pyramid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where pesticides are on the IPM pyramid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the foregut and hindgut are derived from |
|
Definition
| derived from ectodermal tissue (which is shed during ecdysis) |
|
|
Term
| where the midgut is derived from |
|
Definition
| derived from mesodermal tissue (one cell layer thick, protected by peritrophic membrance) |
|
|
Term
| which insect population estimate method is problematic and not very trustworthy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who cares about economic thresholds, economic injury levels, asthetic injury levels, and action thresholds? |
|
Definition
| Academicians, Credentialing Agencies, Policy Makers |
|
|
Term
| who was to enforce the 1906 Federal Food and Drugs Act? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Economic Threshold (ET) differs from the Economic Injury Level (EIL) - in theory |
|
Definition
| because ET is an operational rule(-of-thumb) while EIL should never be attained. |
|
|
Term
| why IPM isn't one size fits all |
|
Definition
| because it differs from place to place |
|
|
Term
| why IPM sometimes increases costs |
|
Definition
| because you gotta keep an eye on stuff |
|
|
Term
| why annihilating insects is not the answer |
|
Definition
because of their importance to the ecosystem, such as...
-feeding birds, lizards, and other wildlife (source of food)
-pollinating
-breaking down of soil nutrients and compost
-becoming soil nutrients/compost themselves when they die
therefore, they are a vital link and removing them from your garden or yard completely would do more harm than good |
|
|
Term
| why ants can be secondary pests |
|
Definition
| because they take care of the primary pests |
|
|
Term
| why dust isn't very popular for pesticides |
|
Definition
| Dusts are very fine particle size and inhalation is an issue, that is, danger of breathing it in |
|
|
Term
| why early people had metaphysical cures |
|
Definition
| because they had no sense of pest biology or pest status |
|
|
Term
| why few systems use the EIL concept |
|
Definition
| because of its major limitations |
|
|
Term
| why grocery stores are cold |
|
Definition
| because it slows down life cycle and extends shelf life |
|
|
Term
| why habitat modification is concerned with lighting patterns |
|
Definition
| because many insects and their predators are attracted to lights |
|
|
Term
| why insect repellents with harmful chemicals are often unnecessary |
|
Definition
| because of the wide array of plant-based repellents on the market now |
|
|
Term
| why insecticides that affect molting can also affect eggs |
|
Definition
| because the eggs also have a chitinous shell |
|
|
Term
| why it's important to know the mouthparts of an insect |
|
Definition
| so you can know how to intervene |
|
|
Term
| why most action thresholds are very nominal |
|
Definition
| because it's very hard to convince somebody to do nothing regarding pests |
|
|
Term
| why sanitation is critical to pest management |
|
Definition
| because it reduces food and water sources to pests |
|
|
Term
| why soft parts of the exoskeleton are needed |
|
Definition
| for the insect to be able to move |
|
|
Term
| why some action thresholds (AT's) are less frequently used than others |
|
Definition
| more complex and require more inputs |
|
|
Term
| why some insects can survive 2 year rotation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why some sampling techniques might be more appropriate for IPM than others |
|
Definition
| depending on the system, some are more appropriate than others |
|
|
Term
| why spraying insecticides doesn’t do much good for millipedes |
|
Definition
| because it doesn’t kill them right away |
|
|
Term
| why there's a lack of workable IPM models with reasonable action thresholds |
|
Definition
| most likely a result of the site-specific nature of a realistic IPM program… one size does NOT fit all. |
|
|
Term
| why there's pressure to amend the list of acceptable ingredients in organic production |
|
Definition
| Third party auditors are involved and with widespread sales in large chain markets there is pressure to amend or add to the list of acceptable ingredients. |
|
|
Term
| why verifiable is important in IPM |
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Definition
| because it's a key phrase in the regulatory stuff in IPM |
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Term
| why we have a protocol for biological controls nowadays |
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Definition
| because of inadvertent side effects |
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Term
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Definition
some type of pathogen that does crazy stuff inside cells
basically some kind of parasitic bacteria |
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Term
| you need to know this to determine pragmatic action thresholds |
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Definition
| the pest biology and endpoint of the IPM program |
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Term
| you still need this for the review of the program to be accomplished |
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Definition
| a trained person on the ground to make decisions and at the very least accurately record all interventions |
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Term
| ‘synthetic’ poisons widely used… ‘better living through chemistry’ DDT, Chlorinated hydrocarbons in... |
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Definition
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