Term
| What are the 3 Major Components of Wildlife Management |
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Definition
| Populations [animal], People, and Habitat |
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Term
| What did the term "wildlife" originally refer to? |
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Definition
| Only game birds and game mammals |
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Term
| What does the term "wildlife" refer to now? |
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Definition
| Generally all vertebrates [game, non-game, and endangered] and sometimes invertebrates |
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Term
| What does the US Fish & Wildlife Service manage nationally? |
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Definition
| Wildlife, plants, all endangered species and habitat |
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Term
| What are the two management groups in PA? |
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Definition
| PA Game Commission & PA Fish & Boat Commission |
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Term
| What does the PA Game Commission manage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the PA Fish & Boat Commission manage? |
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Definition
| fish, reptiles & amphibians, and invertebrates |
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Term
| Who manages freshwater fish nationally? |
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Definition
| US Fish & Wildlife Service (Dept. of Interior) |
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Term
| Who manages marine fish nationally? |
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Definition
| National Marine Fisheries Service (Dept. of Commerce) |
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Term
| What does anthropocentric mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sparked the European Conservation Movement? |
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Definition
| The auroch's declining numbers. Land set aside for them but they died anyway. Now it's a bison preserve |
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Term
| What spurred concern about wildlife conservation? |
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Definition
| Extinctions in the late 1800s |
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Term
| What does commercially extinct mean? |
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Definition
| Not viable to pursue commercially, as numbers are so low |
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Term
| Define Preservationist Ethic |
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Definition
| The belief of spiritual and artistic value over exploitation for material needs. Nature has intrinsic value |
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Term
| Define Resource Conservation Ethic |
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Definition
The belief that there are humans and natural resources
Whatever furthers “the greatest good of the greatest number (of people) for the longest time” |
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Term
| Who had a preservationist ethic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who had a resource conservation ethic? |
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Definition
| Gifford Pinchot—first head of U.S. Forest Service had the opposing view |
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Term
| What two American philosophers greatly influenced thought in 1800s? |
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Definition
Ralph Waldo Emerson and
Henry David Thoreau |
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Term
| Who promoted sustainable use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who formed the principles of wildlife management? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In what three ways did Roosevelt influence the history of game management? |
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Definition
1) Recognized landscapes, water, vegetation & animals as an ecosystem
2) Conservation through wise use
3) Science is the cornerstone of conservation |
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Term
| What combines Leopold and Pinchot's views? |
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Definition
| Ecosystem Management where the highest priority is maintaining species and ecosystems |
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Term
| Who developed evolutionary-ecological land ethic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is evolutionary-ecological land ethic? |
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Definition
| A middle ground between utilization and preservation that recognizes that nature as a landscape organized as a system of interrelated processes |
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Term
| Who is the "Father of Wildlife Management"? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the "Seven Sisters for Conservation”? |
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Definition
1) The Public Trust
2) Prohibition on Commerce of Dead Wildlife
3) Democratic Rule of Law
4) Hunting Opportunity for All
5) Non-frivolous Use
6) International Resources
7) Scientific Management |
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Term
| What was the 1st national park? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who created the the National Wildlife Refuge System? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Lacey Act do? |
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Definition
| Eliminates market hunting |
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Term
| What did the Migratory Bird Treaty Act do? |
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Definition
| Migratory birds are not the property of any single country that they pass through |
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Term
| What did the Black Bass Act do? |
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Definition
| Afforded protection for black bass and other game fish |
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Term
| What did the Animal Damage Act do? |
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Definition
| Authority to control wildlife. Now Wildlife Services under APHS under USDA |
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Term
| What did the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act do? |
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Definition
1) Allowed acquisition of areas for conservation
2) Requires COORDINATION between federal and state agencies |
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Term
| What did the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act do? |
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Definition
| Used funds of the stamp to buy habitat |
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Term
| What did the Magnuson Act do? |
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Definition
1) Separated commercial fisheries from USFWS into US Fisheries Commission
2) Management for commerce vs. conservation |
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Term
| What did the Pittman-Robertson Act do? |
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Definition
| Funds obtained from taxes on sporting arms and ammunition for game restoration work |
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Term
| What did the Dingell-Johnson Act do? |
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Definition
| Funds from taxes on fishing tackle allocated to sport fish restoration |
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Term
| Basic goals of wildlife management include one or more of the following: |
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Definition
1) Make population increase
2) Make population decrease
3) Harvest the population sustainably
4) Do nothing except monitor the population |
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Term
|
Definition
| Use of a resource and regulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Use of a resource &/or preservation |
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Term
|
Definition
| leave nature alone, no use |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Network that interacts in a manner to sustain life, including two parts:
Biotic community (living part)
Abiotic (non-living) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
an identifiable association of plants and animals living in a finite physical environment (but boundaries are often hard to identify)
Each species in the community plays a role |
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Term
| What is included in the biosphere? |
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Definition
| includes a few hundred meters below the ground to several kilometers into the atmosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| An area with the combination of resources (food, cover, water) and environmental conditions (e.g. temp., precip.) that promotes residency by individuals of a given species and allows them to survive and reproduce. |
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Term
| What does “Habitat type” refer to? |
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Definition
| A particular vegetative community (e.g. mixed deciduous forest) |
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Term
| What does Habitat selection refer to? |
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Definition
| How elements of habitat resources are used in relation to their availability |
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Term
| What is a range of tolerance? |
|
Definition
| The physical and biological limits organisms can live within |
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Term
|
Definition
| Narrow (eg: stenothermal is a narrow range) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Broad (eg: eurythermal is a broad range) |
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Term
| What is a limiting factor? |
|
Definition
| Resource that may be in short supply and which limit the number of individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
| Functional role and position of the organism in its community |
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Term
| What is niche separation? |
|
Definition
| When two animals live in the same area but use different resources |
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Term
| What is an ecological equivalent? |
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Definition
| When there is another species that fills basically the same niche in a different area |
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Term
| What is convergent evolution? |
|
Definition
| Different ancestors produce species of similar appearance/niches, due to similar evolutionary forces |
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Term
| What is Niche Partitioning? |
|
Definition
| When two animals might use the same resources but at different times |
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Term
| What is Ecological succession? |
|
Definition
| When communities change in a sequential process |
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Term
| What is a Pioneer community? |
|
Definition
| The first step (i.e. plowed field or fire) |
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|
Term
| What is a Climax community? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Primary succession? |
|
Definition
| Occurs when there was no community before |
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|
Term
| What is Secondary succession? |
|
Definition
| Remnants remain of previous community |
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|
Term
| What are the four tools to set back succession? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Diversity refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Stability refer to? |
|
Definition
| Relative constancy of the abundance of population |
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|
Term
| What is a Symbiotic Relationship? |
|
Definition
| Close relationship between 2 or more unrelated organisms |
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|
Term
| Who benefits in mutualism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Obligate mutualism refer to? |
|
Definition
| Required for survival for one or both |
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|
Term
| What does Facultative mutualism refer to? |
|
Definition
| Not required for survival? |
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Term
| When does Polygyny occur? |
|
Definition
| Occurs when females defensible, so form harems |
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|
Term
| When does Polyandry occur? |
|
Definition
| Female has multiple mates (seen mostly in birds) |
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Term
| What is a peent (call) count? |
|
Definition
| A woodcock counting for males to estimate population size |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Area DEFENDED against others of the same species, usually males |
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Term
|
Definition
| Area in which animal may LIVE |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A gathering of males for the purposes of competitive mating display |
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|
Term
| What are Circadian rhythms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Circannual rhythms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Ultradian rhythms? |
|
Definition
| Patterns of less than a day |
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|
Term
| What is Innate Dispersal? |
|
Definition
| When young leave home range in which they were reared |
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|
Term
| What is Environmental Dispersal? |
|
Definition
| Behavioral response to environmental stresses |
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|
Term
| What does Philopatric mean? |
|
Definition
| Home loving aka they stay close to where they were born |
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|
Term
| What does Allopatric mean? |
|
Definition
| Dispersing away from parents |
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|
Term
| Where do Anadromous fish live and breed? |
|
Definition
| Live in saltwater, breed in freshwater |
|
|
Term
| Where do Catadromous fish live and breed? |
|
Definition
| Live in freshwater, breed in saltwater |
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|
Term
| What did the Urban Migratory Bird Treaty do? |
|
Definition
| Try to help out migrating birds by planting rooftop gardens, turning lights off, more native planting, less mowing, etc |
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|
Term
| What did the Ramsar Convention do? |
|
Definition
| Internationally protect wetland for waterfowl |
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|
Term
What does the IUCN (International Union of Conservation and Natural Stuff)-World Conservation Union
do? |
|
Definition
| Created the Red List which is determined by the SSC (Species Survival Commission) |
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