Type of weak chemical bond that forms when a partially positive hhydrogen aton is attracted to a partially negative atom.

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration ranging from 0-14.

Lower #s = higher hydrogen ion concentrations.

7 is nuetral.

A substance in a solution that lessens the change in pH.

Stabilizes pH level.

A chemical compound that ionizes in solution.

Conducts electrical impulses along nerves and through muscle.

Lose through sweating (potassium and sodium).

Branch of chemistry concerned with carbon containing compounds.

Organic chemicals found in living organisms withs carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Large molecule, such as a polysaccharide, protein or nucleic acid, composed of subunits joined by dehydration synthesis.

4 categories:

Carbs - Sugar

Lipids - Fats

Protein

Nucleic Acids

Breaking polymers apart into their component monomers involves this reverse reaction.

Water added to chemical bond holding monomers together releases them.

It must be possible to evaluate a hypothesis through observations of the measurable universe.

Scientific hypothesis must be testable.

Not constrained by the laws of nature and its behavior cannot be predicted using our current understanding of the natural world.

Hypothesis with intervention of supernatural force cannot be tested scientifically.

Combining a series of specific observations to discern a general principal.

Ex. Eat dark chocolate because its good for your heart.

To speed up the rate of chemical reaction.

Enzymes are biological catalysts.

Enzymes help break up food liberate energy.

Shape change by the enzyme in response to substrate binding because the substrate induces enzyme to change shape to conform to the substrates contours.

Easier to break.

Intracellular electron carrier. Oxidized form in NAD; reduced form is NADH.

Enzyme found in mitochondria that helps synthesize.

Where charged ions escape.

A process that makes a small amount of ATP from glucose without using an electron transport chain.

Ethyl alcohol and lactic acid are produced by this process.

Resting energy use of an awake, alert, but sedentary person.

Average is 70 calories.

A hormone produced by fat cells that may be involved in the regulation of appetite.

Tells brain can't support pregnancy - Amenorrhea.

Segments of DNA that carry info about traits that can be passed from parents to offspring.

Function is to serve as instrctions for making polypeptides.

Joining amino acids together in an order dictated by a gene to produce a protein.

When a gene is copied, the copy is made up of RNA.

Single stranded polymer of nucleotides.

RNAnucleotidescontain a sugar ribose and nitrogenous base uracil.

Flow of genetic info is DNA -> RNA -> Protein.

Complementary RNA copy of a DNA gene, produced during transcription.

The mRNA undergoes translation during the protein synthesis.

Amino acid carrying RNA structure with an anticodon that binds to an mRNA codon.

Carries one specific amino acid and interatcs with an mRNA to place amino acid in correct location of growing polypeptide.

A triplet of mRNA nucleotides.

Transfer RNA molecules bind to codons during protein synthesis.

Region of tRNA that binds to an mRNA codon.

When tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon, a covalent peptide bond is formed between amino acid.

Ribosome adds amino acid that tRNA is carrying to growing chain of amino acids that will constitute the finished protein.

Table showing which mRNA codons code for which amino acids.

64 codons, 61 code for amino acids, and 3 stop codons.

A mutation that occurs when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted from a DNA sequence is not a multiple of three.

Regulation of transcription can occur at the promoter.

Cluster of many ribosomes that can produce several proteins from single mRNA.

The activity of proteases affects the length of ime proteins persist in a cell.

A proteun catalyst that cleaves DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

Cut DNA at palindromes.

Bosy tissue where fat is stored.

Found in the abdomen, buttocks, and hips.

A nucleotide composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and 3 phosphate groups that can be hydrolyzed to release energy. Form of energy cells can use.

Energy captures from degradation of food molecules stored in phosphate bonds of ATP molecule.

Releasing phosphate liberates enerfy for cell to perform work.

Energy-harvesting organelles surrounded by 2 membranes. Inner and outerseparated by intermembrane.

Innermembrane carries proteins involved in producing ATP. Fluid (matrix) inside the mitochondrion is where reactions necessary to release energy from nutrients takes place.

Membrane-enclosed soc of enzymes that degradeproteins, carts, and fats. Roam around cell and engulf nutrients and dead organelles. Involved in release of energy from nutrients.

Large network of membranes that begins at nuclear envelope and extends into cytos.

Ribosomes attached = Rough ER.

Without = Smooth ER

Having the same concentration of dissolved solute as the surroundings.

A carb composed of three or more monosaccharides.

Plans store excess carbs as starch/animals store glycogen: both polymers of glucose.

Cellular constituent made of amino acids in a sequence coded for by genes.

Proteins play many roles in cells including structural, transport and enzymatic roles.

Any of the fat-soluble hormones including cholesterol, estrogen and testosterone.

Cholesterol is carried throught the body attached to proteins instructures called lipoproteins.

Nitrogen-containing bases found in DNA (A,C,G,T) and RNA (A,C,F,U)

4 different chemical structures

1. Adenine (A)

2. Guanine (G)

3. Thymine (T)

4. Cytosin (C)

Organic nutrient needed in small amounts. Most vitamins function as coenzymes.

Only vitamin human cell can synthesize is Vitamin D.

Required for proper blood clotting.

Found in bacteria in our large intestine.

A process by which one or more chemical substances is transformed into one or more different chemical substances.

H2O+CO2->H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)

The outermost energy shell of an atom. Contains valence electrons.

Full = No Bond

Not Full = Bond

Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Atoms are composed of subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.

An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.

1st energy, closest to nucleus, lowest energy, 2 electrons.