Term
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Definition
| Multicellular division used for growth and renewal |
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Term
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Definition
| Gametes, reduction of DNA content, reshuffling of genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in 4 non-identical sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in 1 egg and 2 or 3 polar bodies (depending on species) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of black and white banding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A photomicrographic of chromosomes arranged according to a stand classification |
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Term
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Definition
1. Count chrms
2. Note sex chms
3. Check for any additional or missing
4. Name it: Ex. 46XX |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hybridization between two species |
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Term
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Definition
| Chrm duplication same species |
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Term
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Definition
| Chrm doubling wit out cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Extra balanced set of chrm |
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Term
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Definition
| Have trouble during meiosis, cant go through doubling because the tetrads cant properly line up along the metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| Missing 1 whole chrms: (2n-1) |
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Term
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Definition
| Triplication of 1 whole chrm: (2n+1) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Have a little extra of a segment |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced through 9 rounds replication without cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| Chrm replication without cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be balanced or unbalanced |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of one chrm transfers to another non-homologous end |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion transfers with in |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fusion of 2 chrms from same chrm |
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Term
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Definition
| Fusion of 2 chrms from two different chrms joined at the centromere, usually the "p" arm |
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Term
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Definition
| Chrm segment inverts (part flips over) |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes centromere in the inversion flip |
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Term
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Definition
| Does not include the centromere in the inversion flip |
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Term
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Definition
| Chrm parts change spots no net loss of genetic material |
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Term
| Nonreciprocal Translocation |
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Definition
| A third copy is attached to another chrm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Generally "normal" phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes a protein non-functional |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein has reduced function |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein has increased function |
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Term
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Definition
| non-functional protein prevents normal protein from functioning |
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Term
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Definition
Heterozygote dominant does not fully mask recessive
EX: white+red=pink |
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Term
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Definition
Heterozygote expresses both
EX: red+yellow=orange |
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Term
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Definition
| ((observed-expected)^2)/expected |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Environment-Gene Interaction |
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Definition
| Some variation in genotype that effects phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| Same genotypes but some do not express the trait even though they have mutant allele (light switch) |
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Term
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Definition
| Same genotype but the trait is shown nonuniformly |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes influenced in a genetic context, one gene can mask another |
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Term
| Epistasis: Linear Pathway |
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Definition
| Lack of functional copy of either gene, need functional copy of A&B |
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Term
| Epistasis: Redundant Pathway |
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Definition
Need function from one of the two, need either protein is sufficient, A_ _ _ or
B_ _ _ |
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Term
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Definition
| One gene affects many phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Principles of Segregation |
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Definition
| Homologous and sister chromotids separate |
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Term
| Principles of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| Alleles segregate during formation of gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| One allele conceals the other |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterozygous for trait but doesn't show it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for the presence of testies |
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Term
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Definition
| The bodies way of reaching equilibrium because in females there is the double the amount of X genes |
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Term
| Mammal Dosage Compensation |
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Definition
| Inactivation of X-linked gene in female mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| Extra X can be visibly seen in karyotype |
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Term
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Definition
| Recessive has negative phenotype (lethal) but on good copy can mask it |
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Term
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Definition
| Many genes affect one phenotype |
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