Term
| A _____occurs when two atoms of opposite charges transfer electrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _____occurs when two atoms share electrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Equal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond results in a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond results in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules that contain partially positive and partially negative charges are called ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to one atom and electronegatively attracted to another atom, a _____forms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With water molecules, where does the hydrogen bond occur? |
|
Definition
| between the oxygen atom on one molecule and the hydrogen atom on another molecule |
|
|
Term
| Water molecules have the tendency to stick together. The word for this is_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes water molecules to evaporate from a leaf? |
|
Definition
| water's cohesive properties cause the water molecules to stick together and thus pull each other up the leaf |
|
|
Term
| Water also has the ability to stick to other subtances. The word for this is____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water also takes a long time to heat up. This is called____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A_____solution contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H+). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when you dissolve an acid in water? |
|
Definition
| it releases a lot of hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
| What would be an example of dissolving an acid in water? |
|
Definition
| squeezing a lemon into water makes the water acidic |
|
|
Term
| When bases are added to water, they release____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solutions that contain a lot of hydroxide ions are called ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a basic/alkaline solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ph scale is numbered from ___to ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered neutral pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral? |
|
Definition
| concentration of hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
| If a solution has a lot of hydrogen ions, it will also have a _____and can be called_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you increase the hydrogen ions, you also ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a solution with a neutral pH, (pH of 7)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pH scale is logarithmic...this means that a change of one number of pH is actually _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in a pH of 3 and a pH of 4? |
|
Definition
| a pH of 3 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 4 |
|
|
Term
| Most of the chemical compounds in living organisms contain a skeleton of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules that contain carbon atoms are called _____. MOelcules that do not contain carbon atoms are called_____. |
|
Definition
| organic compounds; inorganic compounds |
|
|
Term
| What would be an example of an iorganic compound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only inorganic compound that does contain carbon is____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four classes of organic compounds that are essential to life on earth? |
|
Definition
| carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| _____are organix compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. They usually have the formula CnH2nOn (1:2:1). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main types of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
| monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| Monosaccharides are _____and they serve as _____for all cells. |
|
Definition
| simple sugars; energy source |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common types of monosaccharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both glucose and fructose have the formula....? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in alpha and beta glucose? |
|
Definition
| the reversal of H and OH on the first carbon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fructose is ____sugar and it contains ___carbons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose and fructose can be depicted as _____or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you see 6 carbons, it is most likely _____or ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When 2 monosaccharides are brought together, _____forms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How doe a disaccharide form? |
|
Definition
| the hydrogen from one sugar combines with the hydroxyl of another sugar molecule |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a disaccharide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maltose is formed by 2_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When two glucose molecules join together to form maltose, what happens? |
|
Definition
| a water molecule is formed by the combination of the hydrogen atom and the hydroxyl group; the water molecule is removed from the sugars and they are now linked |
|
|
Term
| When 2 glucose molecules link together to form maltose, a ______is formed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since a water molecule is lost in the process of making maltose, this porcess is called ______or _____. |
|
Definition
| dehydration synthesis or condensation |
|
|
Term
| If you want to break up the disaccharide and make 2 monosaccharides, what do you do? What is this process calle? |
|
Definition
| just add water; called hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| _____are made up repeating units of monosaccharides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A______is a repeating subunit of the same general type. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common types of poly sccharides? |
|
Definition
| starch, cellulose, glycogen |
|
|
Term
| Animals store glucose in the form of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____are often storage forms of sugars or structural components of cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is made up of beta glucose and it is a major part of the cell wall in plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is a polymer of beta glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can't humans digest cellulose? |
|
Definition
| humans can easily digest alpha glucose, however cellulose is made of beta glucose which humans cannot digest |
|
|
Term
| What are the building blocks of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What four elements do amino acids contain? |
|
Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| There are ___different amino acids commonly found in proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four important parts of an amino acid? |
|
Definition
| amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen, R group |
|
|
Term
| What makes each amino acid unique? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another word for R group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _____is a distinctive group of atoms that play a large role in determining the chemical behavior of the compound they are apart of. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a functional group? |
|
Definition
| an organic acid has a carboxyl group, which releases hydrogen ions in water, which causes the solution to be acidic |
|
|
Term
| Just like with glucose and fructose when you look for 6 carbons, what do you look for with an amino acid? |
|
Definition
| an amino group (NH2) and then the carboxyl molecule (COOH) |
|
|
Term
| When 2 amino acids join together, they form a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when two amino acids join together? |
|
Definition
| the carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with the amino group of another amino acid; a peptide bond is formed and links the two amino acids |
|
|
Term
| The process of forming a dipeptide or bringing two amino acids together is very similar to bringing two glucose molecules together to form maltose. Why? |
|
Definition
| just like when two glucose molecules join to form maltose, when two amino acids join to form a dipeptide, water molecule is released and thus dehydration syntehsis occurs |
|
|
Term
| If a group of amino acids are joined together in a string, you have a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a polypetide structure twists and folds on itself, what do you have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Like carbohydrates, _____consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but not in the 1:2:1 ratio. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 common examples of lipids? |
|
Definition
| steroids, wax, oil, phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a simple lipid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a typical fat consist of? |
|
Definition
| three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol |
|
|
Term
| What is the fancy word for fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you make a triglyceride? |
|
Definition
| each of the carboxyl groups (COOH) of the 3 fatty acids must react with one of the three hydroxyl groups of the glycerol molecule |
|
|
Term
| The formation of a fat happens by the removal of a water molecule, which is called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The linkage formed between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids is called _____> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid? |
|
Definition
| a saturated fatty acid has a single covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms; an unsaturated fatty acid has ONE double bond between 2 adjacent carbons; a polyunsaturated fatty acid has multiple double bonds |
|
|
Term
| What makes up a phospholipid? |
|
Definition
| 2 fatty acid tails and one neagatively charged phosphate head |
|
|
Term
| The two fatty acid tails in a phospholipid are ______which means they don't mix well with water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The phosphate head of the phosopholipid is _____, which means it does mix well with water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the phosphate head of a phospholipid hydrophilic? |
|
Definition
| it carries a negative charge and this charge draws it to the positively charged end of the water molecule |
|
|
Term
| A phospholipid is _____, which means it has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic structure of all steroids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of steroids (3rd one is broad)? |
|
Definition
| cholesterol, vitamin D, variety of hormones |
|
|
Term
| What 5 elements make up nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| Nucelic acids are made up of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main types of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
| DNA and RNA---deoxyribose nucleic acid and ribonucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| Both DNA and RNA contain what three parts? |
|
Definition
| five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the five carbon sugars in DNA and RNA? |
|
Definition
| DNA is deoxyribose and RNA is ribose |
|
|
Term
| DNA consists of 2 strands that wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder called a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA is made up of nucleotides. What three parts make up a nucleotide? |
|
Definition
| five carbon sugar, a phosphate, nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| In DNA, the sugar is linked to two things. What are they? |
|
Definition
| the sugar, deoxyribose, is linked to the phosphate group and the nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| A DNA nucleotide can have one of 4 different nitrogenous bases. What are their names? |
|
Definition
| adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
|
|
Term
| What are the purines in the DNA nitrogenous bases? Pyrimidines? |
|
Definition
| the purines are adenine and guanine; the pyrimidines are cytosine and thymine |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine? |
|
Definition
| a purine is a double ringed nitrogenous base; a pyrmidine is a single ringed nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| Adenine pairs with thymine by forming ______. Guanine pairs with cytosine by forming ______. |
|
Definition
| 2 hydrogen bonds; 3 hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
| The plasma membrane is the outerenvolepe of the cell. It is a double layered structure made up of _____and ______. |
|
Definition
| phospholipids and proteins |
|
|
Term
| In the plasma membrane, which direction do the heads and tails face? |
|
Definition
| the hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inward and the hydrophilic phosphate heads face outward |
|
|
Term
| Only certain substances, mostly ______, can pass through the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some of these proteins, the ones that can pass through the cell unaided are loosely associated with the lipid bilayer and they re called ______. They are located on the inner and outer surface of the membrane. Others are firmly bound to the plasma membrane and they are called _____. |
|
Definition
| peripheral proteins; integral proteins |
|
|
Term
| _____is when the hydrohphilic regions extend out of the cell or into cytoplasm; hydrophobic regions interact with the tails of the membrane phospholipids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma membranes fall into five broad functional groups: what are they? |
|
Definition
| adhesion proteins, receptor proteins, transport proteins, channel proteins, recognition and adhesion proteins |
|
|
Term
| ____form junctions between adjacent cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____are docking sites for proteins of the extracellular matrix or hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____form pumps that use ATP to actively transport solutes across the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____form channels that allow passage of certain ions or molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______molecules are also found in the phospholipid bilayer because they help stabilize membrane fludidity in cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____cannot be broken down chemically to other substances. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What four elements make up most matter on earth? |
|
Definition
| oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| A ____is the smallest unit of an element. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main parts of an atom? and their actions? |
|
Definition
| proton (positive charge, determines element) ; neutron (no charge; determines isotope); electron (negative charge; determines chemical behavior) |
|
|
Term
| What qualifies an electrically neutral atom? |
|
Definition
| equal numbers of electrons and protons |
|
|
Term
| The number of protons determines the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The atomic mass is measured in _____. It equals the sum of _____plus_____. |
|
Definition
| daltons; protons plus neutrons |
|
|
Term
| _____differ in neutron number and mass. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrons occupy specific _______in an atom. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An atom that has an incomplete outer shell, the valence shell is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do chemical bonds form? |
|
Definition
| when atoms complete their valence shells |
|
|
Term
| A _____is when an atom or molecule gains or loses an electron and becomes charged. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _____is an attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is when the evaporative loss of the most energetic molecules cools a surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____resist change in pH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heat is _____when hydrogen bonds break. Heat is _____when hydrogen bonds form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is the study of carbon compounds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biological diversity is based on ______. |
|
Definition
| carbon's ability to form large compounds |
|
|
Term
| HOw many atoms can carbon bond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____consist only of carbon and hydrogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of isomers? |
|
Definition
| structural isomer, cis-trans isomer, and enantiomer |
|
|
Term
| cis-trans_____. enantiomer _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____consists of adenosine and three phosphate groups. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| study chemical groups and functional groups!! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 8 main types of proteins? |
|
Definition
| enzymatic, defensive, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, contractile & motor, structural |
|
|
Term
| _____proteins are used for selective acceleration of chemical reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______proteins are used for protection against disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______proteins are used for storage of amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______proteins are used for transport of substances. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____proteins are used for coordination of an organism's activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____proteins are used for a response of a cell to chemical stimuli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______are used for movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____proteins are used for support. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 levels of protein structure? |
|
Definition
| primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure |
|
|
Term
| Which protein structure has a linear chain of amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary structure is determined by ______. The primary structure dictates _____and______. |
|
Definition
| genetic information; secondary and tertiary |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of secondary structure? |
|
Definition
| alpha helix (coils); beta pleated sheets (folds) |
|
|
Term
| The ______represents regions stablized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of polypeptide backbone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______has a 3-D shape stablized by interactions between side chains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______represents the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______represents the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide units. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______is caused by substitution of a single amino acid in a protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is crucial to the folding process in proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the five carbon sugar in the RNA nucleotide? What are teh possible nitrogenous bases? |
|
Definition
| sugar=ribose; nitrogenous bases=cytosine, guanine, adenine, uracil; usally single stranded |
|
|
Term
| The ability of molecules to move across the cell membrane depends on what two things? |
|
Definition
| 1) the semipermeability of the plasma membrane 2) the size and charge of particles that want to get through |
|
|
Term
| ______can cross the membrane without any resistance because "like dissolves like"and the plasma membrane is amde of ______. |
|
Definition
| lipid-soluble substances; phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| If the substance is not ______, the bilayer won't let it in. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the one exception to the "only lipid soluble" rule in the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| although water molecules are not lipid soluble, they can rapidly cross a lipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
| Water molecules can cross the lipid bilayer through______which are integral proteins that regulate the flow of water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is simple diffusion? |
|
Definition
| if there is a high concentration of a substance outside the cell and a low concentration inside the cell, the substance will move into the cell (down the concentration gradient) |
|
|
Term
| Does simple diffusion require energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the type of transport that occurs during simple diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A special kind of diffusion that involves the movement of water is called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOw do lipid insoluble proteins, which are dissolved in the fluid on either side of the cell membrane, get in and out of the cell? |
|
Definition
| special proteins, called channel porteins, can help lipid insoluble substances get in and out |
|
|
Term
| _____pick up the substance from one side of the membrane and carry it to the other. What is this process called? |
|
Definition
| channel proteins; facilitated transport |
|
|
Term
| Does faciliated trasnport require energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a substance wants to move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, _____is required. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you move against the natural flow is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During active transport, a transport protein can help,but ______is necessary. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the energy come from during active transport? |
|
Definition
| the sodium potassium pump |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the sodium potassium pump? |
|
Definition
| it ushers sodium ions out of the cell and brings potassium ions across the cell membrane; these pumps depend on ATP to get ions across that would otherwise remain in high concentration |
|
|
Term
| ______occurs when the particles that want to enter a cell are just too large and the cell uses a portion of the cell membrane to engulf the substance. The cell membrane froms a pocket, pinches in, and eventually forms either a vaculoe or vesicle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of endocytosis? |
|
Definition
| pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What happens during pinocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during receptor mediated endocytosis? |
|
Definition
| cell surface receptors are covered in clathrin-coated pits; the particle is brought into the cell by folding in of the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| Sometimes large particles are transported out of the cell. This is called ______, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____is the transport of 2 colutes. A membrane protein enables the "downhill" diffusion of one solute to drive the "uphill" transport of the other. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three types of disaccharides and what are they made of? |
|
Definition
| sucrose (made of glucose and fructose); lactose (made up of galactose and glucose); maltose (made up of glucose and glucose) |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______is a product of adhesion because it sticks to the side of the tube; a product of cohesion because it stick to itself and drags the next molecule upwards. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| review how to calculate concentration and dilution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pH of water is 7, what is the hydrogen ion concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the hydrogen ion concentration is 1 x 10^-7, what is the hydroxide ion concentration? |
|
Definition
| 1x 10^-7. concentrations must always add to 14! |
|
|
Term
| A solution has a pH of 10, if you increase the [H+] 100 fold, what will be the new pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pH solution of 7 has _____the [H+] concentration than a solution at a pH of 5? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you denature a protein, you do what? |
|
Definition
| break the bonds between the side chains |
|
|
Term
| What is the physiological pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you need to do to an amino group in order to remove a hydrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alpha helix and beta sheets are held together by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if you raise the pH of an amine or carboxyl group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOw do digestive enzymes still function if pH is so destructive (gastric juice--pH of 2)? |
|
Definition
| the porteins in their primary sequence don't have ionic bonds (which are susceptible to pH) so they won't be affected |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of how changing pH can change the structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
| influenza hemagglutinin (the flu virus) |
|
|
Term
| what causes blood to change pH? |
|
Definition
| lactic acid from exercising; or CO2 from breathing |
|
|
Term
| If you have water and add an acid, what will happen to the pH? what happens if you have water and add a base? |
|
Definition
| pH will decrease; pH will increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are four diseases related to obesity? |
|
Definition
| type two diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are two hormones made from fat (sex hormones)? |
|
Definition
| testosterone and estradiol |
|
|
Term
| What is a trans fat made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you name omegas, how do you do it? |
|
Definition
| it's the first double bond from the omega side |
|
|
Term
| An example of a "fake fat or sugar" is ______which is a variation of 2 amino acids or _____which is when fatty acids are joined to sucrose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to avoid obesity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____makes the membrane less fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do molecules cross the membrane? |
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Definition
| hydrophobic ones cross through with no problem; hydrophilic ones cross through with a transport protein |
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