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| simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions |
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| a pure substance composed of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio; can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes |
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| simplest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
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| central region of an atom that determines the mass of an atom (protons+neutrons) |
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| outside of the nucleus; determines the volume of an atom (electrons) |
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| number of PROTONS and ELECTRONS in an atom that identifies an element |
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| number of PROTONS+NEUTRONS in an atom |
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| different atoms of an element that have the same atomic # but different mass #'s due to different numbers of neutrons |
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| an unstable isotope that spontaneously decays with emission of subatomic particles and/or energy; has a fixed half life |
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| amount of time required for half of a radioactive substance to decay |
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| ability to do work and cause change |
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| stored energy due to position and composition |
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| Main Energy Level/Shell (n) |
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| describes the distance of the electron from the nucleus |
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| describes the shape of the orbital occupied by the electron |
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| a 3D region where an electron will be found most of the time |
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| the arrangement of electrons among the orbitals in an atom |
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| electrons occupy available orbitals with the lowest potential energy |
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| electrons found in the outermost energy shell and involved in bonding. |
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| atoms tend to lose, gain, or share electrons in such a way as to produce a stable noble gas configuration (s^2p^6) |
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| the attractive forces that hold atoms together in more complex units. They result from the interaction of e-s in these atoms |
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| electrostatic attraction between + and - ions formed due to the transfer of one or more e-s. (metal+nonmetal) |
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| attraction of two nuclei to the same shared e-s (nonmetals) |
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| the measure of the ability of an atom to attract e-s in a chemical bond |
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| unequal sharing of e-s because one atom is more EN than the other |
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| equal/almost equal sharing of e-s |
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| between a Hydrogen and a covalently bonded F, O, or N nearby |
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| polar molecules, partial + and partial - side of molecules |
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| London Dispersion Forces (LDF's) |
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| all molecules, formed by instantaneous dipoles |
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| dynamic equilibrium established when the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the relative concentrations of reactants and products are constant. |
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| Water Molecule Properties |
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| Bent structure, polar, can form 4 H-bonds |
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| phenomenon of a substance being held together by H-bonds |
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| measure of the difficulty to stretch or break a liquid surface |
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| total kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter |
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| measure of heat intensity due to the average kinetic energy of molecules in body matter |
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| the amount of energy required to raise 1g of substance by 1 degree C |
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| quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted into gaseous state |
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| cooling of a liquid's surface when a liquid evaporates |
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| number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
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| donate protons, accept electrons; [H3O+]>[OH-] |
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| accept protons, donate electrons; [H3O+]<[OH-] |
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| substance that prevents large changes in pH; combination of H+donor and H+acceptor |
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| rain more strongly acidic than pH 5.6 due to sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere reacting with water to form acids |
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| compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structures and hence different properties |
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