Term
|
Definition
| systematic study of society and social interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large group living in a defined geographic area, sharing common culture, subject to the same political authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| history of human race: origin, development, varities of man and culture, physical evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentrates on mind, inner self, motivation, and individual behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an attempt to help people deal with personal or family problems - it is a practice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.) helps us gain a better understanding of ourselves and our social world
2.)helps us sese how behavior is shaped by the groups to which we belong in our society
3.)promotes understanding and tolerance by helping us look beyond personal experiences and gain insight into the larger world |
|
|
Term
| The Sociological Imagination |
|
Definition
1.)The ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society
2.)distinguishes between personal troubles and social issues |
|
|
Term
| Suicide as a personal trouble |
|
Definition
| many people consider suicide to be the result of personal problems |
|
|
Term
| Suicide as a public issue |
|
Definition
| sociologists Emily Durkheim related suicide to the issue of cohesiveness in society instead of viewing it as an isolated act that could be understood by studying individual personalities or inherited tendecies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to the emphasis on manufacturing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than rural areas |
|
|
Term
| What did both urbanization and industrialization contribute to? |
|
Definition
| Early sociological thinking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| philosophy became known as "positivism". Positivism is a belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry |
|
|
Term
| Two dimensions of positivism |
|
Definition
(Auguste Comte): 1.)methodological - the application of scientific knowledge to both physical and social phenomenen
2.)social and political - the use of such knowledge to predict the likely results of different policies so that the best one can be chosen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| His view of society was known as "social darwinism". Social Darwinism is the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment, survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die off. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment, survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die off. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Set forth one of the most important contributions to sociology, the idea that societies are built on social facts.
Social facts: pattern ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society
NOTE: condition in which people do not know which rules do not apply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conflict theorist who focused on impact of ideas and motives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Civil rights activist and sociologist |
|
|
Term
| Durkheim's Study of Suicide |
|
Definition
| suicide is not just random, but follows predictable patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(One type of social integration or committment suicide-overly integrated) person is over-involved in society or group and commits suicide as a duty or to save face
Example: Japanese during a time of war when they lose in battle or are going to lose in battle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(One type of social integration or committment suicide-lacking integration)
suicide when someone has a lack of commitment or involvement. This type of suicide reflects a prolonged sense of not belonging. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(one type of social order suicide)
results from disruptions in social order such as rapid economic wealth
Example: someone wins the lottery and cannot handle it so kills themself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(one type of social order suicide)
Occurs when people are so closely regulated that they have no hope
Example: someone is in jail and has no hope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis on a large scale; from above; big picture; structures and processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis on small parts of life, from below, interactions within the group, interactions and interpretations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Major sociological perspective)
1.) Society is characterized by social inequality
2.)Society consists of competing economic groups
3.)based on competition for scarce resources
4.)conflict is the prime characteristic of society and leads to social change
Example: the rich and the poor are in a constant battle for money, land, food, power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Major sociological perspective)
1.) society is composed of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability
2.)society is a system with balance, boundraries, interrelationships - like a living organism
3.)parts are interrelated and interdependent
4.)key is balance (equilibrium)
5.)different types of function (manifest, latent, dysfunction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
functions that are intended or overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit
obvious or intended functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unintended functions that are hidden or remain unacknowledged by participants
hidden, not recognized, or intended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.)society is the sum of people interacting with one another
2.)Behavior is learned through interaction with other people
3.)Learned meanings through interactions with others; shared meetings
4.)Interactions as theater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(major sociological perspective)
1.)disciplines should not have boundraries
2.)people question assumptions about social life and the nature of reality because of information explosion, consumerism, global community, modern communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of systematically collecting information for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the relationship between theory and research has been referred to as a continuous cycle |
|
|
Term
| Convential Research Model (Scientific Method) |
|
Definition
1.Select and define the problem
2.Review previous research
3.Formulate hypothesis
4.Develop the research design (who, what, where, when)
5.Collect and analyze data
6.Draw conclusions and report findings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the statement of relationship between two or more concepts
-may be causal, inverse, relate multiple causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
concepts with measurable traits that can change or vary across people, time, situations
1.)Independent variable is the presumed cause of
2.)Dependent variable that is the effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variable is the presumed cause of something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variable that is effected by the independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and/or predict social events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seeks scientific objectivity and focuses on data measured in numbers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses word rather than numbers to analyze meanings and relationships. |
|
|
Term
| Three time frames for research |
|
Definition
1.)Cross sectional – single point in time
2.)Longitudinal – extend over time (before and after)
3.)Ex post facto – looks back in time to earlier factors |
|
|
Term
| Cross Sectional time frame for research |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Longitudinal time frame for research |
|
Definition
| extend over time (before and after) |
|
|
Term
| Ex post facto time frame for research |
|
Definition
| looks back in time to earlier factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people who are selected from the population and should accurately represent the population
Two types:
1.)Representative: selection from larger population that has essential characteristics of total population
2.)Random: chosen by chance; everyone in population has equal chance of being selected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selection from larger population that has essential characteristics of total population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chosen by chance; everyone in population has equal chance of being selected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Experiment Research Method |
|
Definition
study the effect of independent variables on dependent variables, holding constant other conditions. Match pairs in two groups control (measure) and experimental (manipulated).
Two types of experiments:
1.)Positive: control environment and isolate variable
2.)Negative – expensive; ethical concerns; artificial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polls in which facts are gathered or relationships between facts are determined
Four types:
1.)Questionnaires: written research instrument administered in face to face or telephone encounters or self administered
2.)Interviews: interviewer asks structured questions and records answers (unstructured interviews are open-ended)
3.)Positive: comparable & representative information on large population; can be repeated; may reveal illegal or private behavior
4.)Negative: people have to understand meaning; only works when people are willing to report true beliefs; usually expensive |
|
|
Term
| Field Research Research Method |
|
Definition
research done in the field
Three types:
1.)Complete observation – systematically observe process without becoming part of it
2.)Participant observation – try to understand behavior by taking part in it and collecting observations
Positive: flexible; direct contact with subjects; cheap
Negative: difficult to repeat; close ties with subjects can bias results; observed people may not be typical
3.)Ethnography
Detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people over a period of years |
|
|
Term
Secondary analysis of existing data
Research Method |
|
Definition
Three Types:
1.)Government documents and historical materials – look up, compare and interpret records to clarify problem
-Positive: less expensive and others do the fact gathering
-Negative: data may not be accurate or provide needed information
2.)Content analysis – pick unit and determine where it appears and how - quality and quantity of treatment
-Positive: catches cultural shifts
-Negative: actual behavior may not be reflected in content
3.)Physical evidence and artifacts |
|
|
Term
| Four items in the Research Code of Ethics |
|
Definition
Disclose research findings in full and include all possible interpretations of the data.
Safeguard the participants’ right to privacy and dignity while protecting them from harm.
Protect confidential information provided by participants.
Acknowledge research collaboration and disclose all financial support. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The french philosopher who coined the term sociology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| translated and condensed Comte's works |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British, major contribution to sociology was an evolutionary perspective on social order and social change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French,stressed that people are the product of their social environment and that behavior cannot be fully understood fully in terms of individual biological and psychological traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German, stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German, made significant contributions to modern sociology by emphasizing the goal of value-free inquiry and the necessity of understanding how others see the world. |
|
|
