Term
| What are the 3 properties of DNA? |
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Definition
1. Replicated faithfully
2. Store and transmit information
3. Mutates/evolves |
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Term
| Nucleotides differ by the structure of their... |
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Definition
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Term
| Purines have _ rings in their nitrogenous bases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pyrimadines have _ rings in their nitrogenous bases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Guanine and cytosine are held together with _ hydrogen bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adenine and thymine are held together with _ hydrogen bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| _ genes contain introns, which are _ regions of DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| The backbone of DNA consists of alternating _ and _ groups held together by _ bonds. |
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Definition
| deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate, phosphodiester |
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Term
| The 3' end of a DNA chain contains a _, while the 5' end contains a _. |
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Definition
| hydroxyl group, phosphate |
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Term
| _% of the human genome is composed of exons. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the totality of DNA in an organism. |
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Term
| The operational region of a genome is a _. |
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Definition
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Term
| Genome size is proportional to ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-essential DNA-elements in bacterial cells that contain few, tightly-packed genes are called _. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain an organelle-specific DNA molecule called an __. |
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Definition
| organellar chromosome/genome |
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Term
| Name the 4 pieces of evidence for endosymbiotic theory. |
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Definition
1. Plastids & mitochondria produce by binary fission
2. circular genomes
3. phylogenetic evidence for prokaryotic ancestry
4. membrane structures indicative of phagocytosis |
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Term
| Viral genomes have _-stranded DNA or RNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Viral genes are _ together. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotic genes have a _ _ chromosome with _ packed genes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many prokaryotic genes are arranged in operons, which are _. |
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Definition
| a group of genes transcribed together due to interacting functions. |
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Term
| 2 chromosomal copies in a diploid organism are _. |
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Definition
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Term
| The region of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach is the _. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ribosomal RNA is transcribed and ribosomes are constructed in the _. |
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Definition
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Term
| NORs are landmarks for _ _. |
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Definition
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Term
| Polytene chromosomes are _ chromosomes commonly found in _. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromatin compacts based on _ _. |
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Definition
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Term
| When salt concentrations are high, a nucleosome coils to form a _. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the ribose sugar differ from deoxyribose? |
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Definition
| Ribose has an extra hydroxy group |
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Term
| How does uracil differ from thymine? |
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Definition
| Uracil does not have a methyl group |
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Term
| Informational RNA consists of _. |
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Definition
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Term
| The types of functional RNA are _ and _. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of tRNA? |
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Definition
| To bring amino acids to ribosomes during translation |
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Term
| What is the function of rRNA? |
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Definition
| Structural component of ribosomes |
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Term
| The sequence that is reported in scientific literature for a gene is the __. |
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Definition
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Term
| In transcription, RNA polymerase elongates the RNA in the _-_ direction, thus the template is oriented in the _-_ direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Decribe transcription initiation in prokaryotes. |
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Definition
| RNA pol binds to DNA at promoter sequence, unwinds double helix and begins synthesis of an RNA molecule. |
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Term
| Describe transcription initiation in eukaryotes. |
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Definition
| Transcription factor binds to the promoter, then RNA pol II binds to the protein-DNA complex |
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Term
| During elongation, _ adds _ to the 3' end. |
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Definition
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Term
| In transcription termination, the hair-pin structure is composed of... |
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Definition
| a GC sequence followed by a string of U's |
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Term
| In transcription termination, the endonucleus is signalled by what sequence? |
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Definition
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Term
| In transcription termination, poly(A) polymerase adds the _ to the site of cleavage at the 3' end. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| removing introns in Pre-mRNA and connecting exons |
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Term
| The 5' splice site contains a GU sequence, while the 3' splice site contains a _ sequence. |
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Definition
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Term
| A spliceosome consists of |
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Definition
| snRNP's (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) and snRNA |
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Term
| sRNA bonds to introns via |
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Definition
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Term
| The process that builds the primary structure of a protein using information encoded in mRNA is... |
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Definition
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Term
| How many nucleotides make up a codon? |
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Definition
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Term
| A codon consists of how many base pairs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each codon has an associated _. |
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Definition
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Term
| An amino acid is coded for by a _. |
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Definition
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Term
| An amino acid is accepted at the _ end of tRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acids are attached to tRNA's by enzymes called _. |
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Definition
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases |
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Term
| Wobble takes place at the _ end of the codon and _ end of the anticodon and allows___. |
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Definition
| 3', 5', loose base pairing |
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Term
| Define isoaccepting tRNAs. |
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Definition
| tRNAs that accept the same amino acid but are transcribed from different tRNA genes |
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Term
| The recognition of the 1st codon and the placement of the first amino acid in translation is _. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first amino acid in any newly synthesized polypeptide is _. |
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Definition
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Term
| In bacteria, initiation codons are preceded by ___ that binds with 16s rRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe initiation in eukaryotes. |
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Definition
| A ribosome attaches to the mRNA at the 5' cap and moves along the RNA. At the first AUG codon encountered, an initiator tRNA carrying AUG is inserted. |
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Term
| Polypeptide bond formation is catalyzed by _. |
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Definition
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Term
| When the polypeptide is in the A site... |
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Definition
| the 2 tRNAs and their codons move, leaving an empty A site for a new charged tRNA |
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Term
| In translation termination, a __ recognizes a stop codon that releases the polypeptide and causes the ribosome to dissociate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme structure remains unchanged in the _ model of active sites. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme structure is molded by the substrate in the _ model. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define biochemical pathways. |
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Definition
| series of reactions mediated by enzymes |
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Term
| What does a codon deletion result in? |
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Definition
| Reading frame shift and premature stop codon |
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Term
| An amino acid very commonly mutated is _. |
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Definition
| Phenylalanine hydroxylase |
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Term
| For a recessive disease to develop... |
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Definition
| both copies of a gene must be defective |
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Term
| A _ phenotype will be expressed when there is only one copy. |
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Definition
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Term
| A single allele that provides enough protein for functionality is _. |
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Definition
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Term
| A single allele that does not provide enough protein for normal function is _. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the semi-conservative method of DNA replication? |
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Definition
| Two daughter DNA double strands each consist of one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand. |
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Term
| The semi-conservative method of DNA replication was tested and supported by the _ experiment. |
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Definition
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Term
| The lagging strand of DNA is synthesized into _ fragments which are joined by _. |
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Definition
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Term
| The enzyme that catalyzes the 3' nucleotide addition at the replication fork is __. |
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Definition
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Term
| _ are needed to add nucleotides to an existing nucleotide strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| At the beginning of the leading strand and each okizaki fragment of the lagging strand, short stretches of _ are synthesized to act as _. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the enzyme helicase? |
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Definition
| Breaking hydrogen bonds between bases and unwinding DNA strands |
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Term
| What is the function of the enzyme topoisomerase? |
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Definition
| As DNA is unwound, it becomes supercoiled. Topoisomerase relaxes the strands. |
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Term
| What enzyme prevents the shortening of a chromosome and how does it do this? |
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Definition
| telomerase, adds noncoding DNA |
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Term
| Describe prokaryote cell division. |
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Definition
| Binary fission: DNA replication and separation occur before cell division; a motor system separates chromosomes |
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Term
| The asexual production of cells maintaining ploidy is _. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gamete production resulting in ploidy reduction is called _. |
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Definition
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