Term
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Definition
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Term
| Continuity vs. discontinuity |
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Definition
| development smoothly progresses vs. shifts abruptly |
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| Universal vs. context-specific development |
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Definition
| one vs. multiple ways in which development occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic, health-related forces |
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Definition
| Cognitive/perceptual, emotional, personality forces |
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Definition
| Societal, cultural, ethnic, interpersonal forces |
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Definition
| Identical events, different age groups forces |
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Definition
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Term
| Learning (behaviorism) Theory |
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Definition
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Definition
All Theories are important together
-Lawton & Nahermow |
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Definition
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| Autonomy vs. shame &doubt age |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Industry vs. inferiority age |
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Definition
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Term
| Identity vs. identity confusion age |
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Definition
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Term
| Intimacy vs. isolation age |
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Definition
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Term
| Generativity vs. stagnation age |
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Definition
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Term
| Integrity vs. despair age |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Concentrates on how learning influences behavior
experience
people learn from watching |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning determines our behavior |
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Term
| B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
The consequences of a behavior determine whether it will be repeated
reinforcement increases the chance that a behavior will be repeated
A punishment decreases the chance that a behavior will be repeated |
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Term
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Definition
Observational learning, or imitation
People learn by watching others
Imitation more likely if (observed person is viewed as cool, or if their is a reward) |
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Term
| Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
Cognition emphasizes thinking
understand our abilities, developing differing degrees of self-efficacy |
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Term
| Cognitive-Developmental Theory |
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Definition
| Stresses development of thought processes |
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Term
| Piaget's approach to Cognitive-Developmental Theory |
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Definition
| "we develop in discrete stages" |
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Term
| Vygotsky's approach to Cognitive-Developmental Theory |
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Definition
| "societal expectations of what we should know at different ages and “apprenticeship” experiences shape development" |
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Term
| Information-processing approach to Cognitive-Developmental Theory |
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Definition
| like computers, we become more efficient at processing information as we mature |
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Term
Piaget's 1st stage
Sensorimotor Stage |
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Definition
(birth to 2 years)
Sensation/movement |
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Term
Piaget's 2nd stage
Preoperational stage |
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Definition
(2 to 7 years)
Symbols and self-centered |
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Term
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Definition
| Understands the world only in their perspective |
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Term
Piaget's 3rd stage
Concrete operational stage |
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Definition
7 years to early adolescence
"Now" logic
Not hypothetical |
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Term
Piaget's 4th stage
Formal operational stage |
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Definition
(adolensence and beyond)
Abstract and hypothetical thought |
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Term
| Information-Processing theory |
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Definition
"how we think" model
Hardware- Capacity
Software- Interaction
Both improve with development |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ecological and Systems approach |
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Definition
| all aspects of development are connected |
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Term
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Definition
| people/objects in immediate environment |
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Term
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Definition
| influence of microsystems on each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Social, environmental and governmental forces |
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Term
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Definition
| cultures where all systems are in |
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Term
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Definition
| many factors influence development |
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Term
| Selective Optimization perspective |
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Definition
| choices that determine/regulate development and aging |
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Term
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Definition
| different areas of development grow and decline at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| skllls can be developed throughout life |
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Term
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Definition
| different generations experience and adjust to various forces within their lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| Historical periods must be considered |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological, psychological, social, and lifecycle changes must be considered |
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Term
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Definition
| reducing involvement with one goal to concentrate on another |
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Term
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Definition
| reducing involvement because of lack of resources or abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| finding alt. ways of meeting goals due to loss of ablity or skill |
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Definition
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Definition
| Specific groups of people |
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Term
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Definition
| tests over several time periods one subject |
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Term
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Definition
| tests in the same time period several subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| combo of longit. and cross-sec. studies |
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Term
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Definition
| combine several diff. researches |
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Term
| Human eggs contain ___chromosomes ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| human egg and sperm unite |
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Term
| how many genes do chromosomes carry? |
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Definition
| contain around 25,000 genes |
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Term
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Definition
| first 22 pairs of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Males: XY chromosomes
X from mother and Y from father
Females: XX chromosomes
X from mother and X from father |
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Term
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Definition
| complete set of genes one has inherited |
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Term
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Definition
combination of genotype and environmental influences resulting in the actual expression of traits
physical
behavioral
psychological |
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Term
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Definition
different forms in which genes come
carries instructions for a specific variation on a trait |
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Term
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Definition
When alleles are the same, both parents have contributed similar genes for a trait
Ex: both parents contribute the allele instructions for the same colored eyes |
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Term
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Definition
The parents have contributed different versions of the trait
Ex: one parent contributes the allele for blue eyes and the other for brown eyes |
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Term
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Definition
When one allele does not dominate another completely
produce intermediate variation of the characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies the inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits |
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Term
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Definition
| many genes affect the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
fraternal
twins from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm |
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Term
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Definition
Identical
union of one egg and one sperm that splits in two soon after conception |
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Term
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Definition
segments on chromosomes thought to be implicated in a trait
Identify children differing on a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| that genes and environment interact reflects interplay |
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Term
| What causes children in families to be different? |
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Definition
| Nonshared environmental influences, that develop unique environments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
weeks 3-8
body structures form |
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Term
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Definition
weeks 9-birth
advanced development |
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Term
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Definition
| greasy substance over fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth from head to spine |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth from areas close to the body to farthest from body |
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Term
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Definition
Neural tube does not close properly
(lack of folic acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs, diseases, or environmental hazards causing abnormal prenatal development |
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Term
| Anesthesia pregnancy problems |
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Definition
| limits mother’s ability to use muscles to push, can require dangerous mechanical devices to be used |
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Term
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Definition
1. Heart rate 2. Respiration
3. Muscle tone 4. Reflexes
5. Skin tone |
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Term
| Different cries of newborns |
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Definition
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Term
| average sleep of newborns |
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Definition
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Term
| Rothbart’s Dimensions of Temperament |
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Definition
| Scores during infancy predict personality in adolescents and adults |
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Term
| Environmental effect of newborn's temperament |
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Definition
| Parental characteristics influences temperament |
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Term
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Definition
| temperament tends to be somewhat stable from infancy through adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
average is not the same as normal
height and weight vary between children, growth RATE is average |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth slows at two years and children become finicky eaters (survival value) |
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Term
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Definition
1 in 4 children under age five are malnourished
children develop more slowly |
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Term
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Definition
Specialization is early in development
Different brain systems specialize at different rates
Environmental stimulation is necessary for successful specialization
Plasticity is a benefit of the immature brain’s lack of specialization |
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Term
| Experience-expectant growth |
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Definition
| require exposure to experiences common to all individuals fine-tunes the brain |
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Term
| Experience-dependent growth |
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Definition
| unique experiences also fine tune the brain |
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Term
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Definition
7 months, infants can sit alone
14 months, toddlers may stand alone briefly |
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Term
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Definition
| Instead of simple maturation, motor development involves many distinct skills |
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Term
| Posture and Balance of infants |
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Definition
Infants are “top-heavy” and easily lose their balance
must relearn balance each time they achieve new postures |
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Term
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Definition
| mastery of component skills |
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Term
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Definition
| combining components into the sequence needed to accomplish the task |
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Term
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Definition
| grasping, holding, and manipulating objects |
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Term
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Definition
brain processes receiving, selecting, modifying, and organizing sensory inputs
Newborns have keen senses of smell and taste
Infants at 1 month see at 20 feet what adults see at 200-400 feet |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants visually recognize objects they only touched previously |
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Term
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Definition
| simultaneously available multimodal sensory information (e.g., sight, sound, touch) |
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Term
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Definition
naïve understanding of the relationship between mind and behavior
3 phases |
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