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| the study of humanity, including its prehistoric origins and contemporary human diversity |
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| the study of humans as biological organisms, including evolution and contemporary variation |
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| the study of past human cultures through their material remains |
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| the study of human communication |
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| the study of living peoples and their cultures, including variation and change |
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| people's learned and shared behaviors and beliefs |
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| the use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems or to shape and achieve policy goals |
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| the theory that a culture is similar to a biologcal organism, in which parts work to support the operation and maintenence of a whole |
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| the perspective in anthropology that cultures are complex systems that cannot be fully understood without paying attention to their different components, including ecnomics, social organization, and ideology |
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| the perspective that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not judged by the standards of another culture |
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a theory that takes material features of life such as the environment, natural resources, and mode of livelyhood as the bases for explaining social organization and ideaology
Access to resources are primary to this approach, builds heavily off Marxist theory |
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| interpretive anthropology |
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| the view that cultures are best understood by studying what people think about, their ideas, and the meanings that are important to them |
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| a theoretical position concerning human behavior and ideas that say large forces such as the economy, social and political organization, and the media shape what people do and think |
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| the ability of humans to make choices and excercise free will even within dominating stuctures |
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first definition of culture, armchair anthropology
Culture evolves through 3 Stages
Savages (pretty much same as animals)
Barbarians (step above, b/c they had bows and arrows)
Civilized people |
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functionalism, holism, talked about ‘magic’
used with things that are unpredictable, wherever there are elements of chance and accident |
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Cultural relativism, holistic method
Rejects:
Unilinial Evolution
Biological determinism |
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symbolic analysis, French structuralism,
The human brain has “structures” that are universal, this producing universal cultural characteristics
Noticed that every religion seems to have a trickster. Something/one that gives out something wanted in exchange for their life. |
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study of one topic in more than one culture
compare marriage forms, economic practices, religion, etc. |
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Evolution as a theory
Variation exists within a species
Variation is inheritable
Struggle for existance
publishes “On the Origin of Species”
EVOLUTION- Change over time
In a particular environment, some variations may provide benefits in the struggle for existance
Such benefits will be demonstrated though differential reproduction or mortality |
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Survival of the fittest (strongest basically)
We evolve towards equilibrium
Darwin wrote him telling him to stop saying this |
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All cultures share an evolutionary goal, all cultures evolve from lower to higher forms over time
argued people from places such as Africa and Asia were different species, or races |
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| the learned and shared set of ideas, beliefs, behaviors that are acquired by people as members of society |
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Neo-Unilinealism
humans harnessing energy,
you can note different stages , humans rely on what nature provided, then learned agriculture, then industrial, then nuclear, and on
only thing wrong is that everyone doesnt evolve together |
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Multi-lineal Evolution
humans evolve based on food
argued against Leslie White in the way that culture evolves out of a particular environment. taken out of context it wont be so successful, its more about what fits |
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| Interpretive Anthropology/Thick Description |
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Human Behavoral Ecology and Neo-Darwinism
Culture is an adaptation that allows humans to change behavior in response to environmental and social challenges |
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early social scientist, very concerned about worker rights
three levels of society he laid out
Base of any culture-Economics
Middle- Socio-Political Structure
Top- ideology |
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Shared
ex- chimps have 5 fingers, so do we |
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Homologous
We dont necessarily share with others
Took off as a variation in a different direction
Ex- our large brains compared to others in the hominid family |
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| a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within a larger culture |
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| an object, word, or action with culturally defined meaning that stands for something else; most symbols are arbitrary |
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| increased and intensified international ties related to the spread of western, especially U.S., capitalism that affects all world cultures |
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| the transforming of global culture by local culture into something new |
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| a way of categorizing people on the basis of their economic position within a society, usually measured in terms of income or wealth |
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| a classification of people into groups on the basis of supposedly homogeneous and largely superficial biological traits such as skin color or hair characteristics |
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| a shared sense of identity among members of a group based on heritage, language, or culture |
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| judging another's culture by the standards of one's own culture rather than by the standards of that particular culture |
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| a theory that explains human behavior and ideas as shaped mainly by biological features such as genes and hormones |
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| a theory that explains human behavior and ideas as shaped mainly by learning |
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| the process by which organisms better adapted to the environment reproduce more effectively compared to less-adapted forms |
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| inherited and cumulative change in the characteristics of a species, population, or culture |
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| an order of mammals that includes modern humans |
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| the preference for living in groups and interacting regularly with members of the same species |
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| obtaining food available in nature through gathering, hunting, or scavenging |
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| a category of large and tail-less primates that includes orangatans, gorillas, bonobos, and humans |
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| arboreal travel, using the forelimbs to swing from branch to branch that is distinct to apes |
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| a form of terrestrial travel that involves walking flat-footed while supporting the upper body on the front of fingers beyond the knuckle |
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| upright locomotion on 2 feet |
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| a category of several extinct hominin species found in East and Central Africa that lived between 4.5 and 3 million years ago |
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| an environment that consists of open plains with tall grasses and patches of trees |
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| a category of several extinct hominin species that lived from 2.4 million years to 19,000 years ago and is characterized by different stone tools traditions, depending on the species |
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Homo Habilis
the oldest hominin tool kit, characterized by core tools and flake tools |
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| the toolkit of H. erectus, used from 1.7 million years ago to 300,000 years ago and characerized by handaxes |
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| the toolkit of the Neanderthals, characterized by small, light, and more specialized flake tools, such as points, scrapers, and awls |
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| Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH) aka Homo Sapiens |
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| the species to which modern humans belong and also referred to by that term; first emerged in Africa between 300,000-160,000 years ago and then spread throughout the Old and New Worlds |
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| the period of modern human occuption in Europe and Eurasia (including the Middle East) from 45,000-40,000 ya to 12,000 ya, characterized by microlithic tools and prolific cave art and portable art |
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| the first modern humans in Europe, dating from 40,000 ya |
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| New World population characterized by the Clovis point with the earliest site dated to 11,000 ya in the Southwestern U.S. |
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| residence in permanent settlements sich as villages, towns, and cities, which began with plant and animal domestication and intensified during the Neolithic era and the emergence of farming |
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| a process by which human selection causes changes in the genetic material of plants and animals |
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| a time of rapid transformation in technology, related to plant and animal domestication, which includes tools such as sickle blades and grinding stones |
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| a human-made mound resulting from the accumulation of successive generations of house construction, reconstruction, and trash |
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| research in the field, which is any place where people and culture are found |
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| basic fieldwork method in cultural anthropology that involves living in a culture for a long time while gathering data |
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| fieldwork conducted in more than one location in order to understand the culture of dispersed members of the culture or relationships among different levels of culture |
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| trading network, linking many of the Trobriand Islands, in which men have long-standing partnerships for the exchange of everyday goods, such as food, as well as highly valued necklaces and armlets |
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| an aspect of fieldwork ethics requiring that the researcher inform the research participants of the intent, scope, and possible effects of the proposed study and seek their consent to be in the study |
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| a trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population |
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| a research method that involves posing a research question or hypothesis, gethering data related to the question, and then assessing the findings in relation to the original hypothesis, etic perspective |
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| a research approach that avoids hypothesis formation in advance of the research and instead takes its lead from the culture being studied, emic perspective |
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| a research technique that involves gathering verbal data through questions or guided conversation between at least 2 people |
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| a formal research instrument containing a preset series of questions that the anthropologist asks in a face to face setting, by mail, or by email |
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| a firsthand, detailed description of a living culture, based on personal observation |
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| an approach to learning about culture that incolves anthropologists working with members of the sudy population as partners and participants rather that as subjects |
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| subjects often alter their behavior when observed |
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spanning out from one spot
ex- homo leaving africa |
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| using at least 3 methods of observation to come to conclusions |
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