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Definition
| scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people. |
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| the influence of people and what they do |
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| individual differences (pg 6) |
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| the aspects of peoples personalities that make them different from others |
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| fundamental attribution error (pg 8) |
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Definition
| the tendency to explain our own and other peoples behavior entirely in terms of personality traits and to underestimate the power of social influence. |
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| a school of psychology maintaining that to understand human behavior |
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| gestalt psychology (pg 10) |
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| we should study the subjective way in which an object appears in peoples minds, rather than physical appearance |
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| consideration of the way in which human beings think about the world. |
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| people exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome AFTER knowing that it occurred |
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| observational method (pg 22) |
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| researcher observes people and records measurements or impressions of their behavior |
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| the method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing in from the inside |
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| interjudge reliability (pg 25) |
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| the level of agreement between two or more people who independently observe and code a set of data |
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| archival analysis (pg 25) |
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| examination of accumulated documents or archives of a culture |
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| correlational method (pg 27) |
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Definition
| two variables are measured and the relationship between them, how much you can predict on from the other |
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| correlation coefficient (pg 27) |
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Definition
| a statistic that assesses how well you can predict on variable from another |
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| giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample |
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| experimental method (pg 30) |
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Definition
| event so that people experience it in one way or another way |
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| independent variable (pg 32) |
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Definition
| variable researcher changes to see if it has an effect on some other variable |
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| dependent variable (pg 32) |
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Definition
| variable researcher measures to see if it is influenced by the independent variable |
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| random assignment to condition (pg 33) |
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Definition
| all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment |
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| probability level (p-value) (pg 33) |
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Definition
| a number, calculated with statistical techniques to show how likely it is |
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| internal validity (pg 33) |
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Definition
| making sure that the independent variable (ONLY the independent variable) influences the dependent variable |
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| external validity (pg 34) |
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Definition
| extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and other people |
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Definition
| the act in which Jessica Newman displays every day in psych 280 |
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| psychological realism (pg 34) |
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Definition
| extent to which the psychologial processes triggered in a experiment are similar to processes in everyday life |
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| a disguised version of the study's true purpose |
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| field experiments (Pg 35) |
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Definition
| study of behavior outisde the lab (natural setting) |
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Definition
| averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable |
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| find the best answer to the question of why people behave as they do, not solving a certain problem |
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| solving a particular social problem |
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| cross-cultural research (pg 38) |
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| research on some social tendencies across cultures |
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| evolutionary theory (pg 39) |
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Definition
| ways in which animals adapt to their environments |
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| evolutionary psychology (pg 39) |
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Definition
| social behaviors in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the principals of natural selection |
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Definition
| form participants sign prior to their participation |
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| deception (research) (pg 40) |
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Definition
| involves misleading participants about the the true purpose of a study or the events after |
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| institutional review board (pg 40) |
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Definition
| reviews research before it is conducted |
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Definition
| the process of explaining to the participants (after) the true purpose of the study |
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| refers to the way in which people think about themselves and the social world |
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| automatic thinking (pg 48) |
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Definition
| nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary and effortless thinking |
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Definition
| mental structures that organize our knowledge about the social world |
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| accessibility (schemas) (pg 51) |
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Definition
| schemas and concepts are at the forefront of the mind and are therefore likely to be used when making judgments about the social world |
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| process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait or concept |
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| self-fulfilling prophecy (pg 53) |
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Definition
| expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes different behavior making expectations come true |
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| judgmental heuristics (pg 57) |
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Definition
| mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently |
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| availability heuristic (pg 58) |
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Definition
| basing a judgment on the ease with which you bring something to mind |
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| representativeness heuristic (pg 59) |
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Definition
| mental shortcutwe use to classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case |
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| base rate information (pg 60) |
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Definition
| info about the relative frequency of members of different categories in the population |
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| analytic thinking style (pg 64) |
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Definition
| a type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context |
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| holistic thinking style (pg 64) |
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Definition
| type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, the ways in which objects relate to each other |
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| controlled thinking (pg 65) |
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Definition
| thinking that ins conscious, intentional voluntary and effortful |
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| counterfactual thinking (pg 67) |
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Definition
| mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been |
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| overconfidence barrier (pg 69) |
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Definition
| someones overconfidence in a aspect of life |
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| social perception (pg 76) |
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Definition
| the study of how we form impressions of other people and how we make inferences about them |
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Definition
| one part of their face registers one emotion while another part registers a different emotion |
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| dictate what kinds of emotional expressions people are supposed to show |
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| clear and well understood facial definitions |
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| implicit personality theory (pg 82) |
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Definition
| our ideas about what kinds of personality traits go together |
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| attribution theory (pg 84) |
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Definition
| the study of how we infer the causes of other peoples behavior |
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| internal attribution (pg 85) |
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Definition
| deciding that the cause of the event was something about the person |
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| external attribution (pg 85) |
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Definition
| deciding that something in the situation (not the person) caused their behavior |
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| convariation model (pg 85) |
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Definition
| says that you will examine multiple instances of behavior, occurring at different times and in different situations |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error (pg 89) |
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Definition
| tendency to overestimate the extent to which peoples behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors |
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| perceptual salience (pg 90) |
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Definition
| pay attention to someone and tend to think that they alone cause their behavior |
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| self-serving attributions (pg 96) |
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Definition
| refer to our tendency to take for our successes by making internal attributions but to blame others for failures |
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| defensive attributions (pg 98) |
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Definition
| explanations for behavior that defend us from feelings of vulnerability and morality |
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| defensive attributions (pg 98) |
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Definition
| explanations for behavior that defend us from feelings of vulnerability and morality |
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| belief in a just world (pg 99) |
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Definition
| the assumption that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
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