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| body of knowledge about the natural world |
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| general set of principles, supported by evidence that explains some aspect of nature |
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| means of coming to understand the natural world through observation and the testing of hypotheses |
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| tentative, testable explanation for an observed phenomenon |
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| an adjustable condition in an experiment |
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| comparative condition in an experiment in which no variables are introduced |
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| relatively stable internal environment (ex. sweating when they get hot) |
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| set of disciplines that focus on varying aspects of the living world |
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| the natural sciences not concerned with life |
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| the gradual modification of populations of living things over time |
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| the study of individual molecules (such as DNA) as they affect living things |
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| study of whole organisms within biology |
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| physical functioning of plants and animals, which largely concerns tissues and organs |
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| the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with their physical environment |
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| measure of the quantity of matter in any given object |
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| basic constituent of an atom, found in the nucleus of the atom and having positive electrical charge. Elements are defined by the number of protons in their nucleus. |
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| basic constituent of an atom that has negative electrical charge. Electrons are distributed in an atom at a distance from the nucleus. Electrons interact to form chemical bonds between atoms. |
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| basic constituent of an atom, possessing no electrical charge and found in the atom’s nucleus. Isotopes are defined by the number of neutrons in an atom. |
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| the membrane-lined compartment that encloses the primary complement of DNA in eukaryotic cells. |
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| substance that is “pure” because it cannot be reduced to any simpler set of component substances through chemical processes |
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| a form of an element as defined by the number of neutrons contained in its nucleus. Different isotopes of an element have varying numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons. |
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| process of chemical combination and re-arrangement |
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| type of chemical bond in which two atoms are linked through a sharing of electrons |
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| law of conservation of mass |
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| matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction |
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| a compound of a defined number of atoms in a defined spatial relationship |
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| measure of strength of attraction an atom has for electrons. An atom with high electonegativity will tend to pull electrons away from atoms with lower electronegativity. |
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| difference in electrical charge at one end as opposed to the other |
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| where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, so that one end of the molecule has a slight negative charge and the other end a slight positive charge |
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| type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between atoms |
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| A notation specifying the elements in a molecule, with the number of each shown as a subscript, this notation reveals the constituent elements of a molecule, but not the spatial arrangement of those elements. |
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| two-dimensional representations of a given molecule |
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| bond between any of the hydrogen atoms and carbon, each line represents one pair of electrons being shared |
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| type of covalent bond formed when two pairs of electrons are shared between atoms |
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| type of covalent bond formed when three pairs of electrons are shared between atoms |
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| diagram showing 3-d structure of a molecule, with the atoms drawn as balls and the bonds between them drawn as sticks, this type of representation clearly shows the spatial relationship of the atoms to each other |
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| picture of a molecule showing the 3-d structure, particularly showing how big atoms are in relation to each other and the overall shape of the molecule |
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| substance (atoms, molecules, or compounds) that goes into a chemical reaction, the reactants interact to form the product, the reactants are written on the left side of a chemical equation |
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| substance formed in a chemical reaction, written on the right side of a chemical equation |
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| linkage in which two or more ions are bonded to each other by virtue of their opposite charge |
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| substance in which two or more atoms are held together through ionic bonding (table salt – NaCl) |
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| links an already covalently bonded hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom |
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| molecule with an unpaired electron, usually existing for only a very brief time, although natural products of biological processes, these molecules can be destructive in living tissues |
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| homogeneous mixture of two or more kinds of molecules, atoms, or ions |
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| ingredient being dissolved in a solvent to form a solution (sugar) |
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| substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution (water) |
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| the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius |
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| compound made of hydrogen and carbon, non-polar covalent molecules and therefore are not easily dissolved in water |
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| any substance that yields hydrogen ions when put in aqueous solution |
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| any substance that accepts hydrogen ions in solution |
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| compounds that yield hydroxide ions are strongly basic, so they can be used to counteract acids and shift solution toward neutral or basic on the pH scale |
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| scale utilized in measuring the relative acidity of a substance |
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| basic as in solution, have number above 7 on pH scale |
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| physiological systems that function to keep pH within normal limits |
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| branch of chemistry devoted to the study of compounds that have been carbon as their central element |
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| molecules that are the same in their chemical formulas, but differ in the spatial arrangement of their elements |
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| group of atoms that confers a special property on a carbon based molecule |
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| large molecule made up of many similar or identical subunits |
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| small molecule that can be combined with other similar or identical molecules to make a polymer |
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| organic molecules that always contain carbon, oxygen , and hydrogen and that in many instances contain nothing but carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen |
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| building block or monomer of carbohydrates, also known as simple sugar |
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| building block of carbohydrates (ex. glucose and fructose) |
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| polymers of carbohydrates, composed of many monosaccharides, (ex. starch and cellulose) |
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| complex carbohydrate found in plants that exist in the form of such foods as potatoes, rice, carrots, and corn |
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| serves as primary form of carbohydrate storage in animals |
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| rigid, complex carbohydrate contained in the cell walls of many organisms |
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| complex carbohydrate that forms the external skeleton of the arthropods – all insects, spiders, and “crustaceans” such as crabs |
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| class of biological molecules whose defining characteristic is their relative insolubility in water |
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| a lipid molecule formed when 3 fatty acids bond to glycerol |
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| molecule found in many lipids that is composed of a hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group |
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| fatty acid with no double bonds between the carbon atoms of its hydrocarbon chain |
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| Monounsaturated fatty acid |
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| fatty acid with one double bond between carbon atoms |
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| Polyunsaturated fatty acid |
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| fatty acid with two or more double bonds between carbon atoms |
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| a steroid molecule that forms part of the outer membrane of all animal cells, and that acts as a precursor for many other steroids |
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| a phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms |
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| charged lipid molecule composed of two fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group |
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| a series of amino acids linked in linear fashion |
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| large, folded chain of amino acids |
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| structure proteins assume after having folded up |
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| common secondary structure of proteins, has a shape much like a corkscrew |
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| common secondary structure of proteins that resembles the folds of an accordion |
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| larger-scale 3-d shape that a protein takes |
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| way in which 2 or more polypeptide chains come together to form a protein |
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| molecules that are a combination of lipids and proteins |
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| combinations of proteins and carbohydrates |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| the primary information-bearing molecule of life, composed of two linked chains of nucleotides |
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| molecule composed of nucleotides that is active in the synthesis of proteins |
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| molecule in 3 parts: phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), and nitrogen-containing base |
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