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Definition
| Monitors the level of activity for a particular variable |
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| The normal value for a controlled variable |
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| Compares signals from the sensor to the set point |
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Definition
| Compensates for any deviation between the actual value and the set point |
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| When change is detected in homestasis and the effector brings it back down to normal |
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Definition
| the effect produced by the contrasting actions of two or more chemical groups; two effectors that work against each other; inhibits pathway |
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Definition
| Executing/anticipating an event-- ex: like when a dog knows it's time to eat and starts salivating before being fed |
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Definition
| When the effector speeds up the change of set point instead of bringing it back down to normal-- ex: give birth, uterine changes during delivery |
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Term
| Intracellular vs. Extracellular fluid (how much in each?) |
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Definition
| 2/3 is intracellular while 1/3 is extracellular |
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| What makes up extracellular fluid? |
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Definition
| Plama (1/5) and interstitial (4/5; between cells and tissues) |
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Term
| Direct Intercellular Signaling |
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Definition
| Cells that are right next to each other that have junctions that they can signal eachother directly with |
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Term
| Contact-Dependent Signaling |
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Definition
| Cells that have signaling molecules on their surface, when another cells moves past and touches it the signaling molecules trigger the other cell |
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Definition
| Cells that trigger themselves with secreting molecules that bind to its own surface |
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Definition
| A cell secrets a molecules that triggers all the cells surrounding it, but not itself |
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Definition
| ***Long distance- cell secrets hormones that travel through the blood stream and signal other cells far away |
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Term
| What makes up the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| A phospholipid bilayer-- phosphate heads and fatty acid tails[image] |
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Definition
| A protein that goes all the way through the phospholipid bilayer. These are the gates (ex: ion gates) that let cells though with facilitated and active transport |
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Definition
| A protein only on the surface of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| ONLY ANIMALS CELLS MAKE THIS! It sits between the phospholipids on the cell membrane and can push them apart or pull them together. |
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Term
| What are the three ways molecules pass through membranes? |
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Definition
1. Simple/Passive Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Active Transport |
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Definition
Driven by the concentration gradient (molecule will always go to lower concentration); Fick's Law
DIFFUSION IS FASTER OVER A LARGER SURFACE AREA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******* |
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Term
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Definition
J=KA(C1-C2)
What to know (from lab):
Temperature- higher temperature increases the rate of diffusion
Molecular Weight- a heavier molecular weight will decrease the rate of diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| A gate (protein) built into the membrane that allows certain molecules to move through it |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the same as facilitated diffusion except that it uses energy. Instead of the gates opening themselves, the gates require ATP to open them. After the gate is opened and molecule passes through, the ATP is phosphorylated into ADP and the gate is closed. |
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Term
| How do g-couple protein receptors (GPCR) work? |
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Definition
1. A molecule binds to a ligand receptor (protein) on the cell membrane.
2. This causes a G-protein to bind to the protein inside the cell.
3. The G-protein breaks down into the active subunit (the alpha subunit with the GTP) and the inactive subunit (beta and gamma)
4. The active subunit triggers a response in the cell
5. The GTP hydrolyzes into GDP and the subunits all come back together and are ready for another signal
[image] |
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Term
| Ligand-Gated Signaling System |
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Definition
| There are receptor proteins on the surface of the membrane. When a signaling molecule binds to the receptor, it opens the gate and ions flow through the channel into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A receptor on the outside of the cell binds with an enzyme. When the enzyme binds with the receptor, it causes the creation of second messengers within the cell through the phosphorylation of ATP to ADP. The second messengers then go to the neuron and cause the response. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the cell body and the things that extend from it, they look like branches. This is the input center from other cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The is the trigger zone, if the cell gets pushed to threshold, the signal starts here. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the conducting zone, the long skinny part, that brings the signal down the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the output zone that releases neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
Astrocytes- wrap around capillaries and close them off creating the blood blain barrier
Oligodendrocytes- cells in the brain with dendritic processes and reach out to axons |
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Term
| Glia in spinal cord and periphery |
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Definition
| Schwann cells that create the lipid insulation around the axon. Gaps are the nodes of Ranvier |
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Term
| What is the function of the nerve plasma membrane? |
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Definition
Separates ion chambers.
ECF- high concentration of sodium
ICF- high concentration of potassium and rich in protein
This is what creates the resting potential (outside positive, inside negative) |
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Term
| What is the resting potential and the threshold of neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Electric response inside an excitable cell
An all or nothing even |
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Term
| Depolarization and Hyperpolarization |
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Definition
Depolarization- when a cell becomes less negative
Hyperpolarization- when a cell becomes more negative |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuron moving from negative to positive; when voltage gated sodium channels open and sodium moves into the cell creating a positive charge |
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Term
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Definition
| When neuron goes back to negative, sodium gates close and voltage sensitive potassium gates open and potassium gets pumped out |
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Term
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Definition
| When charge actually goes below resting potential because potassium gates remain open and keep pumping potassium out |
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Term
| Propogation and Saltitory Conduction |
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Definition
Conduction of the action potential down the axon
Salititory conduction is the signal jumping between the nodes of Ranvier |
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Term
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Definition
| These are enzyme receptors that active GPCRs |
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Term
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Definition
| Create second messengers within the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The area between the presynaptic and postsynaptic that neurotransmitters travel through to activate the postsynapti cell |
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Term
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Definition
| What the presynaptic cell releases to the postsynaptic cell to trigger a reaction. They can bind to ligand gated ion channels or ion channels |
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Term
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Definition
| Transient on and off binding of neurotransmitters to gates; interaction is non covalent |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter binds directly to the receptor and opens it |
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Term
| Indirect (metabotropic) Gate |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter binds to receptor seperate from the ion channel and causes G-proteins to go the channel and open it |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitatory neurons (excitatory post-synaptic potential)- the neurotransmitter it releases will open sodium gates in postsynaptic cell, letting in Na and causing depolarize membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitory Neurons (inhibitory postsynaptic response)- releases neurotransmitters that causes postsynaptic cell to open Cl gates and hyperpolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| Enough signals building up in a quick enough time to trigger a cell response |
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Term
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Definition
| Enough different cells fire, creating an electrical charge over a large enough space on the soma to trigger a response |
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Term
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Definition
| Must be the appropriate stimulus for the signal receptor; they have graded potentials, when receptor is depolarized enough, it sends info to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce the same rate of action potentials throughout the entire stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The adaption of a sensory cell to a stimulus; the rate of action potentials sent to the brain decreases throughout the stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| A higher graded reponse to a sensory receptors creates more action potentials that send strong signal to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Touch receptors in the skin; touch is phasic sensation, intial feeling is strong and then fades |
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Term
| Meissner's and Pacinian Corpuscles |
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Definition
Meissner's- up close to the surface of the skin that respond to light touch
Pacinian- deeper down into the skin that respond to deep pressure or vibration |
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Term
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Definition
Stretch receptors are baroreceptors and muscle spindles
Muscle spindles- sensory receptors that tell the body where it's going, needed for proprioception
Barocreceptors- help with blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
Hair cells- a type of sensory receptor
Stereocilia system- helps for hearing and motor systems in the ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the hair cells in the ear that initiate signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve endings in the skin that detect changes in temperature |
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Term
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Definition
Statocyths- in aquatic invertebrates, small round structures of hair cells and statoliths, which are small round dense objects that roll around; help with equilibrium
Otoliths- the vertebrate version of statoliths |
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Term
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Definition
Detect pain yo!!!
Can respond to external or internal (body releases chemicals when cells are damaged and inflames muscles) stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
Nuclei- clusters of synapses within the brain
Ganglia- clusters of snyapses within the CNS |
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