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| study of behavior and experience, originally greek study of mind and soul |
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| created psychoanalysis. used the hidden, unconscious, symbolic meaning behind people's actions and words |
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| advanced degree in psychology w/ a speciality in understanding and helping people with psychological disorders |
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| MD plus psychiatric residency, branch of medicine that deals w/ emotional disturbances |
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| study human behavior, disorders based on experiements |
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| attempt to facilitate the operation of machinery for companies so ordinary people can use them |
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| identify educational needs of children and appropriate curriculum |
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| development psychologists |
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| study how behavior changes from "womb to tomb" |
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| do studies with emphasis on how our thinking influences our behaviors |
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| behavior in terms of biology;chemical activities, electrical charges in nervous system |
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| evolutionary psychologists |
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| how a species behaviors have changed over time |
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| how an individual influences other people and how the group influences an individual |
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| cross-cultural psychologist |
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| comparing behaviors across cultures |
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| opened 1st psych lab, sensory psychology, timing of conscious experience to cultural differences in behaviors. Emphasis on motivation, voluntary control, cognitive processes. Said sensation and feeling were psych basic elements. STRUCTURALISM |
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| STRUCTURALISM. believe main question of psych is the nature of mental experiences |
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| an attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind particularly sensation, feelings, and images |
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| MIND CHAPTER. concerned less with the what the mind is and more of what it does. how people produce useful behaviors to be functional |
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| is human behavior random or is there a determinant(cause/effect)? |
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| If your brain makes decisions chemically, what is your mind? |
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| founder of AMERICAN psychology. Wrote principles of psychology. FUNCTIONALISM |
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| BEHAVIORISM. made it systemized and popular |
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| concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes. |
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| seeks gaining theoretical knowledge. EX. understanding the processes of learning and memory |
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| deals with finding out more about practical problems such as how to help children with learning disablities |
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| focus on predispositions and experiences that make people happy, production and successful |
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| the study of SPECIFICALLY human behaviors |
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| clear predictive statement. casual observations, theories, or trends in society |
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| way you conduct an experiement. MUST try and answer cause and effect questions |
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| Outcome. must provide clear rules about measurement. Is it chance or explanation |
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| analysis of results, consider hypothesis and either match or adapt to match results |
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| specifies the operation used to produce or measure something. ex. using a thermometer to measure temperature even though that's not scientifically what temperature is |
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| tendency of an experimenter to distort or misperceive the results based on the expected outcome |
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| depending on the sample of the population that you use, the results could be distorted basked on preconceived opinions of certain groups |
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| giving the experimental group a fake that they think will have certain results and seeing if the group still responds accordingly. ex. sugar pills |
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| measure a relationship b/t two variables w/o controlling either of them. ex. weight v. exercise, score v. time spent studying. |
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| apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events |
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| the item that's measured based on the change in the independent |
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| receives treatment that an experiment is designed to test |
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| set of individuals treated in the same wat as the experimental group except for the procedure that is supposed to be tested |
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| detailed description of single individual; useful for studying rare conditions |
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| chance procedure to make sure every participant has equal probability as any of being assigned to a given group |
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| a statement that they have been told what to expect and agree to continue |
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| support the neurons in many ways such as insulation, synchronization of activities between other neurons, removing waste products. |
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| widely branching structures that receive input from other neurons |
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| single, long, thin, straight fiber with branches near its tips |
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| insulating sheath that speeds up the transmission of impulses along an axon |
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| special junction b/t one neuron and another, a neuron releases a chemical that either excites or inhibits the next neuron |
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| a specialized area within the axon of the presynaptic cell that contains neurotransmitters enclosed in small membrane-bound spheres, releases neurotransmitter |
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| an excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how far it must travel |
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| action potential is only yes-no or on-off. No inbetweens |
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| neuron on the receiving end, contains neurotransmitter receptors |
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| when an axon reabsorbs the neurotransmitters it released |
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| a chemical that activates receptors on other neurons |
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| affects movement, important for memory and cognition. lack of=Parkinson's, excess=schizophrenia |
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| decrease pain and increase pleasure |
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| increases brain arousal, links motor neurons and muscles, helps with memory and learning. Large part in autonomic nervous system |
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| brain's main inhibitory transmitter, calms us down, regulates muscle tone |
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| modifies emotional and motivated behaviors. regulation of mood, sleep and eating. Impulse and agression control |
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| enhances storage of memory of eventful experiences, attention to experience. high levels cause manic disorders |
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| main excitatory transmitter, essential for all brain activity including learning. high levels result in seizures |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| bundles of nerves between the spinal cord and rest of body, connects everything to brain and CNS |
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| connects skin to muscles and controls VOLUNTARY movement |
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| connects heart, stomach and other vitals. INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT |
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| bring info from other parts of body to the spinal cord |
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| take info from spinal cord to muscles |
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| part of peripheral system. energizes you in dangerous situations so you can evaluate danger |
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| calms body down post-danger |
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| outer covering of the forebrain |
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| hearing, complex aspects of vision |
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| located in the temporal lobe. a subcortical structure that responds strongly to emotional situations |
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| body senses including touch, pain, temperature, awareness of body in space |
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| planned control of fine movements, memory, decision making |
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| in front lobe;last stop for sensory info as it heads to the central cortex. sends info from optic nerve to occipital lobe |
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| important for hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, motivated behaviors |
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| control muscles of head for chewing, swallowing, breathing, talking |
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| reflex is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus |
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| part of hindbrain, important for behavior that needs aim or timing |
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| forebrain structure in temporal lobe; important for storing certain memories |
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| region in the brainstem that is involved in tasks such as sleep-wake cycle and filtering incoming stimuli |
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| uses electrodes to record changes in electrical activity in the brain |
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| records magnetic changes in brain |
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| position-emission topography |
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| records radioactivity of various brain areas |
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| set of glands that produce hormones and release them into glands. regulate change in heart rate or blood pressure, pregnancy, hibernation, sex drive |
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| change as a result of experience, recovers injured or damaged neurons |
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| specialization of hemispheres |
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| speech, rational and logical cognitive style, abstract and analytical thinking, reading and writing skills |
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| ability to imagine an object after it has been rotated, ability to comprehend emotions, intuitive and artistic thinking, face and emotion recognition |
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| cutting of the corpus callosum to relieve disorders such as epilepsy. |
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| the question of how separate brain ares combine forces to produce single self experience |
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| conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of respons by the nervous system |
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| interpretation of sensation |
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| adjustable opening in the eye that allows light in and out of the eye balls |
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| layer of visual receptors covering back of eyeball |
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| on front of eye, focus light on retina |
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| adjust focus for objects at different distances, fine tune vision |
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| has largest density of receptors on retina |
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| impaired ability to focus on close objects, images project behind retina. |
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| impaired ability to focus on distant objects |
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| milky, cloudy spot on lens |
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| adapted for color vision, daytime, detailed vision |
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| gradual adjustment of sight in dim light |
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| receive input from bipolar cells in eye, gather visual information to send to various regions of the brain including the thalamus |
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| axons join together to from this nerve which turns around and exits the eye |
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| retina area where the optic nerve exits the eye, multiple because of the shadow of nerves on the retina |
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| receptors respond to three primary colors or color vision depends on the response rates of 3 types of cones. |
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| perceiving colors in terms of paired opposites |
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| experiences of one color after the removal of its pair |
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| deficiency on x chromosome to see certain color pairs |
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| tunnel for sound waves, fleshy, outside of body |
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| vibrates or move to indicate incoming sound waves |
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| turns weak vibrations from ear from into strong ones to be easily interpreted |
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| contains receptors for hearing, filled with fluid |
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| displaces hair cells when vibrations move fluid |
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| connect to neurons whose axons form the auditory nerve |
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| perception that depends on the amplitude of the sound waves |
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| bones connected to ear drum fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea; hereditary sometimes |
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| results from damage to cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve |
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| vibrations in cochlea that produce action potentials in sync with sound waves; LOW PITCHES |
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| vibration of higher pitches farther along a certain part of the basilar membrane |
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| tilt of head, acceleration and orientation of head |
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| skin senses, somatosensory system |
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| anterior cingulate cortex |
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| brain area responsive to the emotion aspect of pain |
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| pain messages must pass through a gate, presumably in the spinal cord, that blocks messages |
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| detects chemicals on the tongue |
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| sweet, salty, bitter, sour |
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| sense of smell, receptors located on the mucous membrane in the rear air passages |
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| chemicals mammals release into the environment that reflect their bodily functions |
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| a condition in which a stimulus of one type, such as sound, also elicits another sensory experience |
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| a field that focuses on our ability to perceive overall patterns |
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| tiny elements combine to produce larger images |
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| drawing on experience and expectation to interpret what each item must be in the sight of vision |
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| figure and ground ambiguity |
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| distinguishing an object from its background |
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| misinterpretation of a visual stimulus |
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| tendency to perceive objects as keeping their shape, size, and color despite any distortions |
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| difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by the left and right retinas |
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| degree to which eyes turn in to focus on an object |
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| judge depth/ distance with one eye |
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| enhance certain experiences, weaken others, and garble thinking and speech by their effects on synapses |
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| drugs that increase energy, alertness, and activity. Increase release of dopamine and decreases reuptake. Issues include psychotic reaction, heart problems, sleeplessness. EXAMPLES: cocaine, adderrall, ritalin, nicotine, caffeine, METH |
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| facilitate effects of GABA, cause reduced inhibitions, impaired judgement and memory. POTENTIALLY addictive, effects are additive, EXAMPLES: barbiturates, Rohypenol (date rape drug), alcohol, tranquilizers |
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| painkillers, stimulate endorphin synapses. Withdrawal from real world, heart stoppage, rapid tolerance and increased dependency. EXAMPLES: morphine, heroin, opiates |
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| excites negative feedback receptors of both excitatory and inhibitory receptors. Decreases nausea and pain, increases appetite. |
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| drugs that induce sensory distortions, attach to serotonin receptors. commonly derived from plants but others a chemically manufactured. Distort sensation, psychotic reactions, impaired memory, increased arousal, panic attacks.MDMA causes neuron damage and destruction EXAMPLES: LSD, PCP, MDMA |
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