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| Scholar that saw religion as a system of nonscientific beliefs, especially the belief in spiritual beings such as souls, ghosts, demons, and gods. |
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| identified with the term "animatism" the belief in an impersonal spiritual force. |
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| believed religious beliefs arise when metaphors came to be thought of as real descriptions. |
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| Considered religion to be the product of changes in the MODE OF PRODUCTION (labor, tools, and techniques available in a society) and the socail relationships that determine how those resources are used and owned-- religion being thus largely an effect rather than a cause of social changes. |
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| 19th century sociologist that focused on the interaction of religion with other social institution and studied major religious traditions such as Confucianism, Taoism, induism, ancient Judaism, and the rise of Protestant Christianity. |
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| found that all known religious beliefs presuppose classification of all things into two classes: "sacred" and "profane" |
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| essence of religion was emotion, particularly pawerful feelings such as the awe and dread experienced as the presence of holiness. |
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| religious scholar that found the core of religion to be feelings of amazement and awe |
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| drew from freudian concepts. viewed religion as a system of practices by which human beings cope with uncertainty; help reduce human anxiety |
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| religion is equivalent to ultimate concerns |
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| mirrored tillich concept of ultimate concerns; religion is a "set of symbolic forms and acts which relate man to the ultimate condition of his existence" |
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| "religion may be descrbed as a system of beliefs and practices directed toward the ultimate concern of a society |
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| rituals are the most important part of religion. |
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| described the importances of communitas- feeling of unity achieved by a religious community during the performance of sacred rituals. |
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| emphasized the role of rituals in expressing the meaning of sacred symbols in condensed form, ritual can be interpreted in a number of different ways. |
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| rituals symbolically portray the conventions of a religious community and that participation in religious ritual is the most important means by which individuals publicly express their acceptance of the beliefs and values of their religious community. |
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| religion was a symbolic expression of parent-child relations, in which childhood perceptions of the parent are unconsciously used as the basis for interpreting nature. |
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| religion is a projective system embodied in beliefs and rituals that provide an outlet for and resolve the tensions which the typical individual acquires as a member of society, particularly those acquired due to its child-rearing methods |
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| found support for the idea that characteristics of the gods were greatly influenced by the quality of parent-child relationshops. |
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| determined that aggressive and malevolent gods prevailed in societies with punitive child-rearing practices. |
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| criticizes geertz approach because it fails to distinguish between the various forms of powerful ideology and may be found in the arena of politics and those that fit the more traditional understanding of religion as a spiritual institution. |
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| distinguished between naturalistic and supernaturalistic thinking |
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| sees religion as an anthropomorphic projection of human qualities onto nonhuman phenomena |
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| offers a broad definition of religion as a cultural system. |
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