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| The process of observing a phenomenon and then making a conclusion straight away. |
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| Basis of "good science." start with a theory..allows you to predict the data assuming your theory is right. |
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| Why is experimentation necessary for deduction to occur? |
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Definition
| Because you're ruling out competing explanations for the results. |
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| The outcome that changes due to the independent variable. |
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| The one you keep the same. |
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| Consists of the brain and spinal cord. |
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
"everything else"
links things together, divided into two parts. |
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-controls your skeletal muslces.
-voluntary muscular control. |
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| -controls your glands and internal organs. |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| triggers the "fight or flight" response. Heartbeat increases, breathing increases, pupils dialate, digestion stops, adrenaline flows. |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
-returns the body to a stable state of equilibrium.
-reverses the effects of the SNS. |
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Definition
-an impulse that travels from a sensory receptor to the spinal cord.
-the brain never gets involved. |
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Definition
| is "triggered". sends an electrical impulse down the axon. |
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Definition
| the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. |
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Definition
| the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. |
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| The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this juncion is called the synaptic gap or cleft. |
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Definition
| the electrical impulse that travels down the axon. An "all or nothing" signal. |
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Term
| How is information transmitted across the synapse? |
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Definition
| when the action potential reaches the knoblike terminals at an axon's end, it triggers the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. these cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. |
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Definition
| Agonists excite. --can be a drug molecule that is similar enough to the neurotransmitter to mimic its effects or that blocks a neurotransmitter's reuptake. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antagonists inhibit. can be a drug molecule that inhibits a neurotransmitter's release. It may be enough like the natural neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block its effect but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor. |
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Definition
| responsible for basic functions (heartbeat, breathing...) |
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Definition
| "switchboard" sends info to the proper location. |
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Definition
| "motor control" center coordinates voluntary movement. |
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Definition
| responsible for basic emotions and basic motivations. |
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Definition
| the thin "wrinkled" layer of tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres. |
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| abstract, complex thoughts. |
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| sensation, perception, integrating sensory input. |
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| vision, color recognition |
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| hearing, processing language sounds. |
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| an area that specializes in getting info from the skin sense and from the movement of body parts. |
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Definition
| the arch shaped region at the back of the frontal lobe that causes movement. |
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Definition
| argues that biology influences human behavior. |
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Definition
| argues that environment influences human behavior. |
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Definition
| the study that wonders how much of our differences are due to genetics and how many are due to our environment. |
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Definition
-Theory of Inheritance (1801)
-A discredited theory of evolution. |
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Definition
| wrote On The Origine of Species by Means of Natural Selection. |
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Definition
-random mutations in genes produce advantageous features
-these facilitate survival. |
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Definition
purely theoretical
-attempts to explain human behaviors in terms of their evolutionary significance. |
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Definition
| assumes that children learn gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating and being rewarded or punished. |
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| an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. |
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| a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |
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| becomes this for about 2-8 weeks after being a zygote. |
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| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
mental retardation caused by drinking during pregnancy.
1/750 babies are born with it. |
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Term
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Definition
born with all of their neurons but they're not all connected.
learning and experience will determine the connections that will form. |
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Definition
motor skills are acquired in a very specific order.
raising head
turning over
sitting
crawling
standing
walking |
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Term
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Definition
-young kids can't take another person's perspective.
-doing that requires 'abstract thought'
-young kids DONT HAVE abstract thought yet. |
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Definition
a biologically hard wired reflex.
when thouched on the cheek babies will automatically close in on the subject and begin sucking. |
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Term
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Definition
| babies have a very strong grip, they need it to grasp onto their mother. |
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Definition
birth-age 2.
babies take in the world only through their sensory and motor interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
2-6 years.
can demonstrate simple learning and memory.
still too young to perform mental 'operations' |
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| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
Age 7-12
Can think logically about objects and events. |
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Term
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Definition
Around 12 and up.
Children can manipulate abstract information and make predictions based on logic and experience. |
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Definition
| conducted the monkey mom experiements |
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Term
| Why do humans and nonhumans go through puberty? |
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Definition
| because if we could have offspring while still only children ourselves, then those offspring probably would not survive. |
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| Primary Sex Characteristics |
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Definition
| body structures that make reproduction possible. |
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| Secondary Sex Characteristics |
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Definition
| nonreproductive characteristics |
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Term
| Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) |
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Definition
| Proposed a 3 stage theory of moral development. |
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