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statistical approaches, rigorous, ‘scientific’
But overemphasizes countable things |
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Comparative, interpretive, process-tracing, “thick description”, etc.
Deeper understanding (than quantitative) but not necessarily better at explanation |
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| That which we experience directly |
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| That which we believe is real with out direct experience→ more important |
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Humans are good,
Collective action to pursue loftier goals |
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Human nature is inherently self-interested, insecure
Collective action for security, need to ensure mere existence trumps pall other concerns |
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“The state of nature”
Before laws, gvmt, justice
Chaos, war of all against all
Life is solitary, poor nasty brutish and short
Individuals in society willfully concede some rights to a sovereign to provide peace and defense
Hierarchy brings protection |
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| Reserve of power drawn upon to achieve political goals |
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| Power is context-specific |
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President vs dictators
Nuclear states vs. Petro-states |
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absence of over-arching authority
o Anarchy does not equal chaos
o Facilitates war/power struggle |
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| Key political institutions responsible for making implementing enforcing and adjudicating important policies in a country |
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o Territory
o Rule of law
o Legitimacy
o Citizenry must believe that the state deserves its power and respect
o Sovereignty (right of political authority) |
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• Group of people
• Acknowledge shared identity (common ancestry)
• Shared future |
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| o State that is explicitly identified as the homeland for a particular nation. |
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| • How to get legit (state) |
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o Results
o Habit
o Identity
o Procedure |
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| o Strength, capability of state institutions enforce laws, taxation, conscription, etc. |
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| o Insulation from societal pressures, input |
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| Contemporary threats to the state as an institution |
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• Globalization, alternative sources of power
• Integration, transnational institutions
• Al-Queda, alternative transnational identity
• War on terror, War on non-state actors further legitimates this alternative |
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| • : Signs that States aren’t going anywhere |
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o Power to tax and make war
o Internal division within transnational institutions
o States proliferating
o Remain source of ruling legitimacy |
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| Left to right political ideologies |
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| Communism→democratic socialism→reform liberalism→classic Liberalism→classic Conservatism→Fascism |
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• Edmund Burke (1792-1797)
• Reaction to havoc of French Revolution
• Unrestrained individual human reason cannot take the place of traditional institutions
• Seen as resistant to change
• Need to understand consequences of change before diving-in
• Very pragmatic approach, don’t want to rush into change, but are willing to change |
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• Maximize human liberty by being free from government constraints
• Economics: Free Markets (ala Adam Smith) “Washington Consensus” in political economy
• Politics: Defense of human freedom (Locke)
• Libertarianism: Closest present-day incarnation
• Gvt should provide military protection basic infrastructure and that’s it! |
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• Liberal precepts, but greater role to play in regulating the economy and removing the major inequities in the capitalist system
• Remove constraints
• Guarantee opportunities (education, healthcare, job training, unemployment insurance, ect.)
• Post- “Washington Consensus” consensus |
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• Society based on social, political, economic equality
• Draws on Marxism, but achievable through democratic means, rather than violent revolution
• Social democracy: efforts to modify the harshness of capitalism by adding elements of socialism (social safety net, etc.) |
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• Karl Marx (1818-1883) Communist Manifesto
• Marxism: theory of historical development based on domestic class struggle
• Proletariat: oppressed workers
• Bourgeoisie: capitalist exploiters
• Proletariat will eventually win and institute socialism (state plays a leading role in coordinating the economy) so that no one will be exploited.
• “Workers of the world unite”
• Progression: feudalism→capitalist→socialism→communism
• Two stages: capitalist (bourgeois) rev, then socialist proletarian rev
• Final stage of history, comm.. utopia
• Based on equality, common ownership of means of production, coordinate econ.
• Class > national identities
• Revolution to be world wide
• The state “withers away” (instrument of bourgeois repression)
• Communism: Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)
• “Imperialism: The highest Stage of Capitalsim” (1916)
• Industrial capital+finance=MNCs
• Down dom. market? Expoit Lesser developed countries
• Class struggle goes international
• Core (bourgeois) vs. periphery (proletarian)
• Explains why no revolution in Europe and justifies revolution in Russia due to backwardness
• War as means to defeat world capitalism |
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o Assume actors act deliberately to maximize advantage (however defined)
o Democracy is logical outcome of state delvelopment “most beneficial arrangement for gvt. |
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o Understanding systems of meaning, ways of life values
o Democracy is a European cultural product exported to the world |
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o Compare the formal institutions of governance
o Democracy is one of many configurations of governance. Democratic “bargain” struck between ruling class and society |
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| Democratic governments exhibit… |
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• Regular, free and fair elections
• Majorities hold power and respect minorities
• Right to organize and challenge system
• Autonomy from other states and unelected officials |
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• Necessarily economically efficient
• Necessarily administratively efficient
• Necessarily orderly |
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| • American Exceptionalism |
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| Based on long-standing belief that the US is a globally unique country and therefore lies beyond the scope of comparative inquiry→not Patriotism |
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