Shared Flashcard Set

Details

test 1
a
68
Physiology
Graduate
06/05/2010

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Name the five types of Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Definition

Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils

Lymphocytes: LGL(null/Killer), Mature B cells, Helper T and Suppressor T

Monocytes which turn into Macrophages

Term
When are monocytes classified as Macrophages?
Definition
travel from blood stream out to tissue and become known as macrophages 
Term
What are the four functions of blood?
Definition

1) TRANSPORT of substances from one area of the body to another

2) IMMUNITY: the body's defense against disease

3) HEMOSTASIS: the arrest of bleeding

4) HOMEOSTASIS: maintenance of a stable internal environment

Term

Red Cell Morphology:

 

What type of change in RBC includes large vairation in the size of RBCs?

Definition
Anisocytosis
Term

RBC morphology

 

What is the name of RBC that is larger than normal RBC?

 

Definition
Macrocytes
Term

RBC morphology

 

Name the RBC type that is smaller than normal RBC.

Definition
Microcytes
Term

RBC Morpholgy

 

What type of RBC has a change in shape in which there is the presence of irregularly shaped RBCs?

Definition
Poikilocytosis
Term

RBC Morphology

 

What type of RBC is characterized by spikes generated by alterations in the plasma environment?

Definition
Echinocytes
Term

RBC Morphology

 

Which RBC is characterized by fragments of red cells damaged during blood flow through abnormal blood vessels or cardia prostheses?

Definition
Schistocytes
Term

RBC Morphology

 

RBC characterized by normal appearance or red/orange color

Definition
Normochromic
Term

RBC Morphology

 

Pale RBC with only a ring of deeply colored hemoglobin on the periphery (less color)

 

Definition
Hypochromic
Term

RBC Morphology

 

What is a small densely stained red cell with loss of biconcavity?

 

Definition
Spherocytes
Term

RBC Morphology

 

Name for a densely stained central area and a pale surrounding area

Definition
Target cell
Term

RBC Morphology

 

What is the name of the cell that serves as the stem cell for all other RBCs

Definition
Ploripontent (uncommitted) stem cell
Term

RBC Morphology

 

Which hormone stimulates the differentiation of RBCs in the bone marrow?

Definition
erythropoietin
Term

RBC Morphology

 

Name the order in which RBCs are produced

Definition

Ploripotent uncommitted cell

normoblast 

reticulocyte

then enters the blood stream through diapediesis

erythrocyte- mature blood cell (120 days)

Term

In what cases might there be a large number of reticulocytes circulating in the blood stream?

 

Definition
If a person is anemic or is suffering for certain types of cancer such as leukemia, then there will be a larger number of reticulocytes present because the body is trying to produce more RBCs quickly 
Term
How does a neutrophil kill foreign invaders?
Definition
Uses NADPH to produce a superoxide ion that promotes killing of the invader via phagocytosis
Term
What are the steps required for neutrophil killing?
Definition

1) recognition of foreign invader through cell-surface receptors

2) invagination of cell membrane which is facilitated when the bacteria are coated with host defense proteins, opsonins

3) phagosome formation: bacteria exposed to enzymes that were originally positioned on the cell surface.  NADPH oxidase is activated, secretion of the superoxide into the phagosome causing an oxidative burst

4) killing of pathogens

Term

What is the most prevalent leukocyte?

 

Definition
neutrophils
Term
Which leukocyte serves as the first defensive?
Definition
neutrophil
Term
How does a neutrophil kill foreign invaders?
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
What initiates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?
Definition
Factor III
Term

What initiates the intrinsic factor of the coagulation cascade?

 

Definition
Factor XII
Term
Where do the pathways of the coagulation cascade combine?
Definition
Factor X (Stuarts factor)
Term

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

 

Definition
thymus and bone marrow
Term
Where do immune cells mature to become immunocompetent?
Definition
thymus and bone marrow- primary lymphoid organs
Term

Which type of lymphocytes begin patrol upon immediate release from the bone marrow?

 

Definition
B lymphocytes
Term
Which lymphocytes must undergo maturation in the Thymus upon leaving the bone marrow?
Definition
T cells
Term
What cells release factors that increase blood flow and vascular permeability, bringing components of immunity to the site of infection?
Definition
Mast cells
Term
Do mast cells undergo phagocytosis?
Definition
No
Term
Why are some pathogens coated with opsonins?
Definition
To make them more attractive to phagocytosis by free radicals and enzymes
Term
Why are pathogens tagged or opsonized?
Definition
For phagocytosis or destruction by free radicals and enzymes
Term
IgG and C3b are examples of what?
Definition
opsonins
Term
Increased number of neutrophils in the blood is a marker of ____
Definition
inflammation
Term
Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate is a laboratory marker for______
Definition
inflammation
Term
What are examples of Atopic diseases?
Definition
hives, asthma, hay fever
Term
Atopic diseases are types of what diseases?
Definition
immune system diseases
Term
Food allergy is what type of disease?
Definition
immune system
Term
systemic anaphylaxis is an example of what?
Definition
immune system disease
Term
newborn hemolytic anemia is an example of what?
Definition
immune system disease
Term
blood transfusion rxns are an example of ______
Definition
immune system diseases
Term
What classification of disease is serum sickness
Definition
immune system disease
Term
What classification of disease is glomerulonephrits
Definition
immune system disease
Term
What classification of disease is farmer's lung
Definition
immune system disease
Term
What classification of disease is contact dermatitis
Definition
immune system disease
Term
What classification of disease is photoallergic dermatitis
Definition
immune system disease
Term
What classification of disease is celiac disease
Definition
immune system disease
Term
 immunodeficiency disorders can be caused by?
Definition
Primary causes or by illness in a previously healthy person (secondary)
Term
What is an autoimmune disorder?
Definition
Immune response against the body's own tissue
Term
Where are action potentials successively generated in saltatory conduction?
Definition
Nodes of Ranvier
Term
What appears in mylenated axons to jump form one node to the next?
Definition
action potentials
Term
What is the result of saltatory conduction?
Definition
faster conduction velocity for myelinated than unmyelinated axons
Term
What is the function of Dopamine?
Definition

affect, reward, control of movement

(monoamine)

Term
What is the function of Norepinephrine?
Definition

affect, alertness

(monoamine)

Term
What is the function of Serotonin?
Definition

mood, arousal, modulation of pain

(monoamine)

Term
What is the function of Acetylcholine?
Definition

control of movement, cognition

(monoamine)

Term
What is the function of GABA?
Definition

general inhibition

(AA)

Term
What is the function of Glycine
Definition

general inhibition

(AA)

Term
What is the function of glutamate
Definition

general excitation, sensation

(AA)

Term
What is the function of Substance P
Definition

transmission of pain

(polypeptide)

Term
What is the function of opioid peptides
Definition

control of pain

(polypeptide)

Term
What is the function of nitric oxide
Definition

vasodilation, metabolic signaling

 

Term
What are the 3 main types of NTs
Definition
Amino Acid, aminergic (monoamine), polypeptide
Term
What is the general function of NTs
Definition
to convey signals from nerve to nerve to nerve to effector
Term
What are the best known membrane soluble NTs
Definition
Nitric oxide and arachidonic acid
Term
How do NTs function?
Definition

1) Action potential causes release of NT from the terminal

2) these bind to receptors located on target cells

3) binding causes flow of ions across the membrane of the postsynaptic cell

4) temporary redistribution of ionic charge can lead to the generation of action potential 

 

Term
What is critical for the transmission of information between cells?
Definition
electrical charges
Supporting users have an ad free experience!