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Test 1
Microbiology
123
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
02/09/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
the study of living things that are generally too small to be seen without a microscope
Definition
microbiology
Term
conversion of light to energy
Definition
photosynthesis
Term
breakdown of dead matter
Definition
decomposition
Term
makes use of microbial metabolism to generate industrial or consumer products
Definition
biotechnology
Term
manipulation of bacterial genetics
Definition
genetic engineering
Term
use of microbes to restore stability to the environment
Definition
bioremediation
Term
simple; single celled; lack organelles
Definition
prokaryote
Term
complex; single or mulit celled; contain organelles
Definition
eukaryote
Term
microbe acquires life sustaining nutrients from the host, causing damage to the host
Definition
parasite
Term
microbe and host acquire life-sustaining nutrients from one another, each bebfiting the other
Definition
symbiotic
Term
first to describe the cells as the "units of life" by observing tree bark and plants with magnifying lenses
Definition
Robert Hooke
Term
invented the first single-lens microscope; described microorganisms for the first time
Definition
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
Term
living things arise from non-living or decomposing matter due to an unseen force
Definition
spontaneus generation
Term
first to disprove spontaneus generation
Definition
Francesco Redi
Term
said that air is the source of microbes; repeated cycles of heat kills microbes; devised the germ theory of disease
Definition
Louis Pasteur
Term
theory that microorganism cause disease
Definition
germ theory of disease
Term
first to definitively link bacteria to a particular disease
Definition
Robert Koch
Term
Koch's postulates
Definition
1. organism is present in all cases of the disease
2. organism can be cultured
3. organism must be able to produce infection even after several generations of culture
4. organism must be received from an infected animal and cultured again
Term
introduced asceptic techniques to hospitals to reduce the number of microorganisms, and therefore, infection
Definition
Joseph Lister
Term
Explain the steps of the scientific method.
Definition
Make an observation. Formulate a hypothesis as a possible explanantion for the observation, and it must be testable. Experiment to test your hypothesis. Make a conclusion on how correct or incorrect your hypothesis was based on your experiments.
Term
when ample data exist to support a given hypothesis it becomes a ___
Definition
theory
Term
When enough data exists to support a given theory it may become a ___
Definition
law or principle
Term
the science of naming and classifying living things so that they may be easily identifies
Definition
taxonomy
Term
the naming of organisms
Definition
nomenclature
Term
systematic arrangement of organisms
Definition
classification
Term
using traits to recognize an organism
Definition
identification
Term
List the domains and kingdoms of the Whittaker System
Definition
2 domains - eukaryotes and prokaryotes; 5 kingdoms - animals, monera, protists, fungi, and plants
Term
List the domains and kingdoms of the Woese-Fox System
Definition
3 Domains - eukarya, bacteria, and archaea; 7 Kingdoms - animals, plants, archaea, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa
Term
the process through which organisms change over time as a result of changes at the DNA level
Definition
evolution
Term
changes that support survival are retained and those that do not are lost
Definition
natural selection
Term
the measure of the relatedness of two or more species
Definition
phylogeny
Term
common form of energy storage and strcutural support
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
not soulble in polar solvents; "fats"
Definition
lipids
Term
define a living organism; made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Definition
protein
Term
"language of life"; DNA and RNA; 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
Definition
nucleic acid
Term
List examples of purines and pyridimines.
Definition
purines- (single ring)adenine and guanine
pyridimines- (double ring) cytosine and thymine/uracil
Term
List three ways prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ.
Definition
1. the way in which their DNA is packaged (nucleoid in prokaryote not nucleus, and coil around protein, but not histone)
2. composition of the cell wall (prokaryotes is peptidogycan, eukaryotes is polysaccharides)
3. internal organization (prokaryotes don't have membrane-bound organelles)
Term
How is a scientific name written?
Definition
Genus species (in italics or underlined)
Term
What are the 8 taxa from most general to most specific?
Definition
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Term
There are 6 groups of cellular microorganisms. which are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic?
Definition
prokaryotic - bacteria and archaea
eukaryotic - helminth, fungi, protist, algae
Term
Why are viruses neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic?
Definition
because they aren't living cells
Term
Can you ever truly accept a hypothosis as fact?
Definition
No, because it can never be proved as absolute. New things can always be brought into account and studied.
Term
What happens when a flagella rotates clockwise? counterclockwise?
Definition
clockwise - causes bacteria to stop and tumble
counterclockwise - propels bacteria forward
Term
What are the three segments of the flagella, and what are their function?
Definition
filament - movement
hook - attaches, stabilizes, allows spin
basal body - anchors
Term
type of linkage that joins saccharides together
Definition
glycosidic bond
Term
single flagella
Definition
monotrichous
Term
flagella on each end
Definition
amphitrichous
Term
multiple flagella from one end
Definition
lophotrichous
Term
flagella surrounding the body
Definition
peritrichous
Term
long rigid projections only found in gram (-) bacteria that allow the transfer of plasmid DNA between certain types of cells
Definition
pili
Term
short, bristle like projections that mediate attachment
Definition
fimbriae
Term
protective outer covering present in most bacteria and are composed of polysaccharides and/or proteins
Definition
glycocalx
Term
what is the difference in the slime layer and capsule glycocalyx?
Definition
the slime layer is a thin loose covering that primarliy protects from water and nutrient loss, while the capsule is a thick, dense covering that binds tightly to cells
Term
explain the gram staining process
Definition
all cells are dyed crystal violet and then given an iodine treatment. only the gram (+) cells hold the violet color, so then the cells are treated with a red counter stain, safarin, which binds to the gram (-) cells
Term
not present in all bacteria, but is extremely rigid, made of polysaccahrides and petidoglycan depending on the cell type, and prevents cell bursting due to osmotic pressure
Definition
cell wall
Term
only present in gram (-) cells and is composed of LPS outside and phospholipds inside
Definition
outer membrane
Term
functions of the cell membrane
Definition
metabolism, transport, and secretion
Term
why is the DNA tightly coiled?
Definition
to allow for storage within the cell, otherwise it would be too big
Term
not present in all bacteria, extra chromosomal, non essential DNA
Definition
plasmid
Term
measure size of ribosomes
Definition
Svedbergs
Term
What are the structural differences in a gram (-) and gram (+) cell?
Definition
gram (-) has an outer membrane and thinner cell wall
Term
What is the primary component of bacterial cell walls?
Definition
peptidoglycan
Term
Why are gram (-) cells more difficult to kill?
Definition
because they have an outer membrane
Term
What component of gram (-) cells causes a strong immune response?
Definition
the LPS (lipopolysaccharide) in the outer membrane
Term
What types of moelcules can pass freely through a cell membrane?
Definition
water, and small uncharged molecules
Term
what are the three types of bacterial shapes? describe each
Definition
cocci - spherically shaped
bacilli - cyclindrically shaped
spiral forms - thin, spiral shaped
Term
3 types of bacilli shapes
Definition
coccobacillus - short and plump
vibrio - gently curved
filamentous - long, thread like
Term
differences in the size and shape of bacteria of the same species usually due to slight differences in the cell wall
Definition
pleomorphism
Term
how can cocci and bacilli be arranged?
Definition
cocci - single, diplo, tetrad, sarcinae, chains, irregular clusters
bacilli - single, diplo, strepto, palisades
Term
what genuses can form endospores?
Definition
Bacillus, clostridium, sporosarcina
Term
how are endospores formed and what are their function?
Definition
they are formed through sporulation, which deposits a thick protein coat around a chromosome and minimal amount of cytoplasm, which allows the cell to survive harsh conditions
Term
process of spore formation
Definition
sporulation
Term
the breaking of dormancy and return to the vegetative state in bacteria (in the presence of water and at least one other agent)
Definition
germination
Term
What characteristics are used to classify bacteria?
Definition
shape, arrangement, motility, growth characteristics, habitat, and genetics
Term
What types of bacteria are phtosynthetic?
Definition
cyanobacteria and green and purple sulfur bacteria
Term
What is unique about mycoplasmas?
Definition
they have sterols in their cell membrane
Term
how do archaea and bacteria differ?
Definition
the cell wall of archaea contains hydrocarbons rather than lipids
Term
What three structures are present in all cells?
Definition
cell membrane, ribosomes, and chromosomes
Term
Which eukaryotes are unicellular? multicellular? or both?
Definition
protozoa are always unicellular, helminths are always multicellular, and fungi and algae can be both
Term
archaea that live in extreme heat
Definition
thermophiles
Term
arcahae that live in extreme salt concentrations
Definition
halophiles
Term
archaea that convert C)2 and H2 to methane gas
Definition
methanogens
Term
archaea that live in extreme cold
Definition
psychropiles
Term
contain enzymes and electron carriers that are responsible for the last steps of aerobic respiration
Definition
cristae in mitochondria
Term
long, threadlike cells common to filamentous fungi
Definition
hyphae
Term
fungi which can exist as mold/hyphal/filamentous form or as yeast.
Definition
Dimorphic
Term
Fungi way of nutrition in which they obtain by digesting organic compounds
Definition
heterotrophic
Term
require nutrients from dead matter
Definition
saprobe
Term
colonies of filamentous fungi that appear "hairy"
Definition
mycelia
Term
three parts of sporulation
Definition
stalk - sporangiophore
bud - sporangium
spores - sporangiospores
Term
describe the different types of fungal morphology
Definition
yeasts - round or oval, asexual
hyphae - long, threadlike
dimorphic - can be any
Term
how do fungi obtain their nutrition?
Definition
all are heterotrophs, most are sabrobes, some are parasites, and few are obligate parasites (they can release enzymes into the enviroment to breakdown certain organic material that the cells can then absorb and utilize as nutrients)
Term
How do molds reproduce?
Definition
spore formation
fragmentation
Term
what are the two types of fungi?
Definition
yeast and mold
Term
how does yeast reproduce?
Definition
budding
Term
part of protozoa cytoplasm that deals with movement and feeding
Definition
ectoplasm
Term
part of protozoa cytoplasm that contains nucelus, mitochondria, vacuoles, etc.
Definition
endoplasm
Term
the "mouth" of a protozoa
Definition
oral groove
Term
describe the classes of protozoa
Definition
mastigiophora - flagella, divide by longitudinal division
sarcodina - amoebas, divide by fission
ciliophora - cilia, divide by fission

all can form cysts
Term
what are the differences between cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes?
Definition
cestodes and trematodes are flatworms, while nematodes are round worms. all cestodes are hermaphodites, while no nematodes are hermaphodites, and trematodes can be either or.
Term
what are the major capsid arrangements of the animal viruses?
Definition
isocahedral and helical
Term
what characteristics of the viruses are used to classify them?
Definition
structure, chemical composition, and sequence
Term
describe the life cycle of the animal virus. the bacteriophage. what are the major differences?
Definition
Term
What structures are present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? how do they differ?
Definition
cell wall, cell membrane, ribomoes, glycocalyx, chromosomes, flagella
Term
identical subunits that combine to form the capsid
Definition
capsomer
Term
allows visualization of the outline of a virus and its surface structure
Definition
negative staining
Term
allows visualization of internal structure of viruses
Definition
positive staining
Term
particles of metal are used to cover the virus in order to enhance the shape and surface features
Definition
shadowcasting
Term
present in all viruses; protein shell
Definition
viral capsid
Term
steps in replication of animal viruses
Definition
absorbtion, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release
Term
completely assembled virus particle ready for release
Definition
virion
Term
multiple host cells combine into a single cell with multiple nuclei
Definition
syncytia
Term
virus is carried within a host cell for extended periods of time; will cause progressive damage to the cell, but will not kill the cell
Definition
persistent infections
Term
insert into the host's DNA in a manner that promotes development of cancer; ex. epstein-barr, burkitt's lymphoma, HPV, cervical cancer
Definition
oncoviruses
Term
stage present in some bacteriophage replication cycles; viral DNA is inserted into the host's DNA prior to replication; viral DNA remains inactive for a period of time; viral DNA is replicated with host DNA and passed on to daughter cells; allows virus to spread without killing the cell; makes host more pathogenic because inactive viral DNA often encodes a toxin (diptheria, cholera, botulism)
Definition
lysogeny
Term
smaller than viruses; contain protein but no nucleic acid; ex. mad cow disease
Definition
prion
Term
virus-like agents; smaller than viruses; infect plants; composed only of RNA (no capsid or envelope)
Definition
viroids
Term
virus-induced damage to a cell that alters its mircoscopic appearance; may include swelling and/or the development of inclusion bodies
Definition
cytopathic effect
Term
gylcoproteins that protrude from the enevlope of a virus and serve to recognize and attach the virus to the host cell
Definition
viral spike
Term
palisades
Definition
side by side rows
Term
sarcinae
Definition
8, 16, 32 or more
Term
staphylo-
Definition
clusters
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