Term
| What are the subfields (speciality areas) of Psychology? |
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Definition
Are don't interact with each other but are related because they share the goal of understanding behavior
Ex.
Educational
Clinical
Cognitive
Counseling
Cross-culture
developmental
Educational
Enivormental
Evolutionary
Experimental
Health
etc. |
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Term
| According to Dickey what are the goals of Psychology as a science? |
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Definition
| to explain and understand behavior, using scientific methods. |
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Term
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Definition
Validity is something that is valid in measuring the ability to learn.
Reliablity is the same almost everytime. |
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Term
| When was psychology as a science established? By whom? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were Wundt's goals,methodology, and contributions to Psychology? |
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Definition
Goals-figure out the structure of the mind.
Methods-by thoughts, reactions/actions, he asked questions and gathered Emperical data
contributions - brought the idea of Structuralist (studying the contents) |
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Term
| What where J.B watson, Fred, and William James methods, goals and contributions? |
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Definition
JB watson- threw out the concept of the "mind" he was amused by the Dynamic/Functionalist/structuralist and studied behavior
Freud- stated that the mind was like an iceberg and the unconcious base was the most important part.
William James- was a Functionalist studying the functions of the mind. He wrote the 1st American textbook about pyschology. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the study of a observable behavior |
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Term
| Distingush the nuture-natre positions about human behavior |
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Definition
| how much behavior is due to Nature (heredity) and how much is due to Nuture (enivronment) |
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Term
| What are the methods of Psychology? And what are their advantages/weakness of each? |
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Definition
Observation - strength: getting to know what something does naturally.
weakness: data collected maybe be altered if subject knows someone is watching.
case study- Strength: Single case studied more intensely
Weakness: you can't generalize about else by learning intensely about one person.
Correlational/survey- strength: Collects a lot of info from a lot of people. Weakness- info not in depth
Experiment- to study why independent variables cause dependent
Strength: cause and effect
strength: Cause/effect results |
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Term
| what is the key to experimentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the value of randomization? |
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Definition
| Particpants are assigned to a group on the basis of chance alone making an equal chance of distribution across various groups. |
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Term
| What is a hypothesis? Idependent variable? Dependent variable? |
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Definition
Hypothesis- educated prediction that is able to be tested
Independent variable- Controlled by experimenter
dependent variable- controlled by independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning is a relative permanent change in behavior that results from practice or experiance. |
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Term
| What is Pavlov's Paradigm? |
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Definition
| any reflex can change behavior |
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Term
When talking about Classic Conditioning
What is:
Stimulus Generalization
Extinction
Higher-order conditioning
Experimental Neurosis |
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Definition
Stimulus Generalization- reponse to a stimulus that is similar to but different from a conditioned stimulus ( more alike the stimuli the more likely the generalization will occur)
Extinction- responses get smaller till disappear
Higher-order conditioning- training to do chained comands
Experimental Neurosis- Change pyschological state by experimenting with confusion that causes Neurosis |
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Term
| What is the Law of Effect? Who is associated with it? |
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Definition
| Thordike's law of effect says "behavior followed by positive consquences are likely to occur" |
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Term
When talking about Operant Conditioning
what is:
Secondary reinforcer?
shaping?
Chaining? |
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Definition
Secondary reinforcer-
shaping- closer and closer till u get the result you want
chaining- linking actions together to get the same end result as before |
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Term
| What are the contingencies of operant conditioning? |
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Definition
Simple reinforcement
punishment
extinction |
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Term
| What makes punishment effective? |
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Definition
Unmixed without rewards
Severe
Consitent
Alternatives available |
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Term
| What are partial reinforcement schedules? |
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Definition
| behavior that reinforced sometimes |
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Term
Which partial reenforcement schedule:
-produces the most work
-is the strangest pattern of work |
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Definition
most productive :continuous reinforcement schedule
Strangest: learned reinforcement schedule |
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Term
| What did Tolman explain with his idea of cognitive maps? |
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Definition
| Its the way our brain maps out shortcuts |
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Term
| What is concept learning? Why is it important? |
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Definition
| help us classify newly encountered objects on the basis of our past experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| catagories of people,events, objects that share common properties |
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Term
| What are the concepts of Bandura's observational learning? |
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Definition
We can learn from surrounding by
1) paying attention to others
2) Retaining info or patterns of Behavior
3) Reproducing Behavior
we have certain rules and characteristics to know what goes in each grouping of Concept boxes. |
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Term
| What are the components of an informational processing model? |
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Definition
Input/output
Process information
Store Information |
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Term
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Definition
| process where we encode, store and retrieve information. |
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Term
| What is the difference in the three memory systems of human Memory? |
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Definition
Iconic(sensory)- one second after seeing image stored as a icon by PHYSICAL CODE
Short term store- "work bench of the mind" Limited capactity, 7 chunks stored at a time. SOUND CODE
Long term store - Information as long as you can retain. |
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Term
| What did sperling's experiments demonstrate? |
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Definition
| That there is a limit that people have to take in a short period of time |
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Term
| What is Memory "chunking"? |
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Definition
| Miller said that people can only remember 7 "chunks" at a time. |
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Term
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Definition
S- Survey Chapter
Q- ask questions
4R - Read in small segments
R- Recite in own words
R- Review
R- Write something down |
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Term
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Definition
| A skill used in putting items in long term store |
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Term
| How is information best transferred from Short term storage to Long term Storage? |
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Definition
| By making a meaning out of it |
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Term
| declarative VS. procedural memories |
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Definition
declarative- factual information like names, faces, dates,etc.
procedural- how to do certain things like ride a bike |
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Term
| Semantic vs. Episodic Memory |
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Definition
Semantic - Meaning
Episodic - autobiographical events of your life |
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Term
| what is the level of processing theory of human memory? |
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Definition
| level of semantics(meaning) |
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Term
| What does research show about eyewitnesses testimony in so far as the reconstructive nature of memory is concerned? |
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Definition
| Eyewitness testimony can be thrown off because we dont always remember everything after retriving it |
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Term
| What are the three theories of forgetting? |
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Definition
1) Lashley's Trace Decay
2) Freud's Delibrate forgetting
3) Proactive and Retroactive Interference |
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Term
| Retroactive vs. Proactive interference |
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Definition
Retroactive- info learned today makes it hard to learn because info learned in the past
Proactive-info prev learned makes it hard to learn new info |
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Term
| What is the importantance of Lashley's work? |
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Definition
| He looks at where Memory is stored |
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Term
| What are the key skills in taking notes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Heuristics- The way most humans think, in terms of shortcuts
Algorithms- mathmatical process with unlimited processing speed |
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Term
| Three kinds of formal reasoning |
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Definition
1)Inductive
2)Deductive
3)Evaluative |
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Term
What is a PROBLEM?
whats the difference in ill-defined and well defined problems |
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Definition
Problem - new situation were the goal is blocked
ill defined is more of a life problem where the solution is hard to find.
well-defined is more like a math problem. |
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Term
| What are the steps of problem solving? What is insightful problem solving? |
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Definition
Steps of problem solving
1) Trial/Error - stumble onto solution after testing
2) Insightful- sudden ah ha! |
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Term
| What are the pitfalls of problem solving? |
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Definition
1) functional fixedness
2) Failure to pay attention to negative instences
3) Problem solving set |
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Term
| In what way is human decison making irrational? |
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Definition
| We use heuristics and are not always reliable in getting the right solution |
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Term
| What are the three levels of grammer? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the problems with the learning theory approach to language acquistion? |
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Definition
| after you hit a certain age your Learning acquistion device stops working as much and learning anew language becomes difficult |
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Term
| What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis? Whorfian hypothesis? |
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Definition
LR hypothesis- Lang. shapes and may determine the way people in a culture percieve and understand the world
Whorfian hypothesis- " the way you speak will affect the way you live" |
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Term
| What distinguishes human language from animal signaling? |
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Definition
1) Arbituray - symbols/ sounds
2) Endlessly Productivity - we make new words, books, ideas
3) Allows Displacement in time and space- can think and talk about times and places |
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Term
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Definition
| Intelligance quotionent --- of how well you learn in academic areas |
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Term
| G (gardener) vs g-factor (Spearman) from the concept of "multiple intelligences" |
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Definition
Gardner says that there is 8 types of intelligences linked to an independant system in the brains.
g-factor - single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence. |
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Term
| What was the first IQ test devised to accomplish? who developed it? |
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Definition
| Benet developed the first IQ test to test 3rd and 4th graders who seemed to not learn as well to help them early in school years |
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Term
| What is norm in psychological testing? |
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Definition
| standards of test performances that permit the comparsion of one person's score on a test to the scores of others who have taken the same test. |
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Term
| What are the most controversial issues in human intelligence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid vs. Crysatlized intelligence |
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Definition
Fluid - can't teach and old dog new tricks (they can't catch on quickly)
Crystalized - the intelligance is with the wise (applied knowledge) |
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Term
Sternberg's "triarchic intelligences"
vs.
Gardner's "Multiple inteligences" |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the evidence for the heritability of intelligence? |
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Definition
| if you take a child and put it into a uplifting or depriving environment it has negative and positive effects |
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