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Test 1 Review
Chapters 1, 5,6 From Microbiology a Systems Approach
79
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
01/23/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Types of Microoganisms
Definition
bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths, and fungi; (majority single celled)
Term
Viruses
Definition
can be single or double cellular, genetic parasites, protein-coated, either RNA(only a virus thing) or DNA, cannot reproduce on their own, cannot metabolize (not considered "living")
Term
Eukaryotic
Definition
single-celled organism, true nucleus and organelles; only some considered microorganisms
Term
Prokaryotic
Definition
tiny cells; no true nucleus; all considered microorganisms
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
the light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen
Term
Bioremediation
Definition
process involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants
Term
Pathogens
Definition
any agent (microorganism) that causes disease
Term
Organelles
Definition
double-membrane bound structures in eukaryotic cells; perform specific functions and include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
Term
Characteristics of Living Things
Definition
Reproduction, response to stimuli, obtain & use energy (metabolism), genetic inheritance, evolve/adapt, organized/ordered, cell is basic unit of life
Term
Koch's Postulates
Definition
verified Germ Theory of Disease with his study on anthrax; series of proofs: culture to reproduce in animal to again a pure culture is a proof
Term
Levels of Classification
Definition
Domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species
Term
Protozoa
Definition
Protists; always single-cellular, eukaryotic cells; have cell membrane(not wall); trophozoite(motile feeding stage); cyst (resting stage)
Term
Tree of life
Definition
prokaryotes(earliest cell)-to-eukaryotes; division algae-to-plants and fungi-to-animals-to protists(amoebas)
Term
Endosymbiosis
Definition
(emergence of Eurkaryotic cell) large prokaryote engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells that began to live and reproduce inside the large cell
Term
Fungi
Definition
microorganisms; may be unicellular or multicellular; have cell wall; most grow in loose colonies (except mycelium)
Term
Algae
Definition
Protist microorganisms; may be unicellular or multicellular; most have cell wall; photosynthesize
Term
Helminths
Definition
Always multicellular (have unicellular larval forms or egg)
Term
Cilia
Definition
(9+2) arrangement; locomotor appendage; finer, shorter, much more numerous
Term
Categorizations of microorganisms
Definition
cellular organization, prokaryote/eukaryote, size, lifestyle (free-living, (non-)symbiotic
Term
Hyphae
Definition
long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi or molds
Term
Flagella
Definition
(9+2) arrangement; locomotor appendage; longer, less of
Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
outermost boundary in most eukaryotic cells; direct contact with environment; superior to the cell wall or cell membrane
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
sits for ribosomal RNA synthesis
Term
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Definition
typical bi-layer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded; selectively permeable barriers (products in-waste out)
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
(rough and smooth) tunnels used in transport and storage; SER is a closed tubular without ribosomes
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
appears rough because of large number of ribosomes partly attached to its membrane surface; proteins synthesized on the ribosomes are held there
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
cell in which proteins are modified and then sent to final destinations
Term
Lysosome
Definition
orig. Golgi body; contains enzymes involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and protection
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
Found in plants and algae; organelles capable of converting the energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
in cytoplasm; protein synthesizers
Term
Microscopic fungi types
Definition
are either yeasts or hyphae
Term
heterotrophic
Definition
(all fungi) relies on nutrients produced by other organic materials called substrates
Term
Saprobes
Definition
(most fungi) obtain substrates (organic material) from the remnants of dead plants and animals
Term
mycoses
Definition
fungal infections
Term
mycelium
Definition
woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that make up the body of mold
Term
Septa (septate)
Definition
dividing cross walls of hyphae segments
Term
Sick Building Syndrome
Definition
fungi that give off airborne spores and toxins that when inhaled can be pathogenic; e.g. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Clodosporium, and Stachybotrys
Term
Sporangiospores
Definition
(asexual spore formation) formed by successive cleavages within a scalike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sprangiophore. These spores are initially enclosed but are released when the sprangium ruptures.
Term
Conidiopores (conidia)
Definition
(asexual spore formation)free spores, not enclosed; develop either by the pinching off of the tip of a special fertile hypha or by the segmentation of a preexisting vegetative hypha
Term
Dermatophytosis
Definition
(ringworm/athletes foot) Microsporum, Trichophyton; fungal infection of epidermis, hair, dermis
Term
Candidiasis
Definition
(yeast infection) Candida albicans; fungal infection of mucous membrane
Term
Cryptococcosis
Definition
Cryptococcus neoformans; fungal infection of lung tissue
Term
Protists
Definition
algae and protozoa; survival limited by moisture
Term
Giardia lamblia
Definition
Giardiases (intestinal disease); caused by pathogenic protozoa (animals, water, food)
Term
Trichomonas vaginalis
Definition
Tichomoniasis (vaginal symptoms); pathogenic protozoa (human)
Term
Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi
Definition
Typanosomiasis (intestinal distress and widespread organ damage); pathogenic protozoa (animals, vector-borne)
Term
Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae
Definition
Malaria (cardiovascular and other symptoms) pathogenic protozoa (humans, vector-borne)
Term
Parasitic worms
Definition
flatworms and roundworms(nematodes)
Term
Hermaphroditic
Definition
male and female sex organs are in the same [worm]
Term
Taenia solium
Definition
pork tapeworm (consumption of undercooked or raw pork)
Term
Enterobius vermicularis
Definition
Pinworm (close contact)
Term
Capsid
Definition
(shell) protein covering in viruses; surrounds nucleic acid
Term
Nucleocapsid
Definition
collective term of the nucleic acid and capsid coating
Term
Envelope
Definition
found in 13 families of animal viruses; the extra covering external to the capsid; viruses without are "naked"
Term
Spike
Definition
proteins on the outside of both enveloped and non viruses that allow docking with the host
Term
Virion
Definition
fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell
Term
Capsomers
Definition
subunits of the capsid; individual geometric protein molecules
Term
helical
Definition
rod shaaped capsomers that bond together to form a series of hollow discs resembling a bracelet
Term
icosahedron
Definition
3D, 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners; can be made up of different capsomers
Term
bacteriophage
Definition
most often contain double stranded DNA; complex viruses that infect bacteria; look like insect because of spindly tail fibers
Term
positive sense RNA
Definition
single stranded RNA genomes that are ready for immediate translation into proteins
Term
Negative Sense RNA
Definition
other RNA genomes, beyond single stranded, that must be converted to proper form because they can be translated into proteins
Term
Retrovirus
Definition
RNA viruses that can convert their genome into a double stranded DNA that can be inserted into host's chromosomes
Term
Polymerase
Definition
enzyme that produces polymers
Term
Polymers
Definition
macromolecules made up of a chain of repeating units (e.g. DNA, starch, protein)
Term
Reverse transcriptase
Definition
synthesizes DNA from RNA
Term
Viridae
Definition
family suffix for viruses
Term
-virus
Definition
Genus/species suffix for viruses
Term
Virales
Definition
Order suffix for viruses
Term
General phases in life cycle of animal viruses
Definition
adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release from hose cell.
Term
adsorption
Definition
attachment of virus to host by way of receptor sites; in enveloped forms, glycoprotein spikes bind to the cell membrane receptors
Term
tropisms
Definition
because of host range- attack only certain tissue specificities
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
penetration of a cell by a virus where the entire virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle
Term
penetration
Definition
step two for viruses; can happen by edocytosis (engulfment) or direct fusion of viral envelope with the host cell membrane
Term
uncoated
Definition
third step for viral multiplication cylce; viral RNA is freed into the cell cytoplasm
Term
Synthesis
Definition
4th step in VMC; Virus manipulates cell to synthesize new viruses
Term
Assembly
Definition
5th spike proteins are added to cell membrane, nucleocapsid is formed
Term
Release
Definition
6th stage VMC; enveloped viruses bud off with new virus characteristics
Term
Prions
Definition
fibrils; agents of disease; protein virus like qualities
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