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| the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. |
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| an integration of biological and social perspectives that explored the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviors |
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| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted form one generation to the next. |
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| the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out, "I-Knew-it-all-along" phenomenon |
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| and integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events |
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| research done in natural, real-life settings outside the lab |
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| the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables |
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| studies that seek clues to cause- effect relationships by manipulating one of more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant |
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| survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| the way a question or an issue is posed; framing can influence people's decisions and expressed opinions |
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| the experimental factor that a researcher manipulates |
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| the variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the IV |
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| the process of assigning participants to the condition of an experiment such that all person have the same chance of being in a given condition |
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| degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations |
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| in research and effect be which participants are misinformed of misled about the study's methods and purposes |
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| cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected |
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| an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable then to choose whether they wish to participate |
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| is social psychology, the postexperimental explanation of a study to its participants. debriefing usually discloses any deception and often quires participants regarding their understanding and feelings |
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| the belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are |
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| the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read be others |
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| a person's answers to the question, "who am I?" |
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| Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information |
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| imagine of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future |
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| evaluating one's abilities and options by comparing oneself with others |
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| the concept of giving priority to one's own goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications |
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| giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly |
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| constructing one's identity in relation to others |
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| the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task |
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| overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events |
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| the human tendency to underestimate the speed and strength of the "psychological immune system" which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen |
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| a person's overall self-evaluation or sense self-worth |
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| the sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events |
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| the tendency to perceive oneself favorably |
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| self-serving attributions |
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| a form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors |
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| explaining away out group members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions |
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| activating particular associations in memory |
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| incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the even after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it. |
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| "explicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponds to "intuition" |
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| implicit thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponds to "intuition." |
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| a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. |
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| a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments. |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group of resembling |
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| a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability on memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace. |
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| the theory of how people explain other's behavior- for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduing traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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| the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other's behavior. (also called correspondence bias, because was so often see behavior as corresponding to a disposition. |
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| a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
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| a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations |
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| a favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (often rooted in one's beliefs, and exhibited in one's feelings and intended behavior). |
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| a et of norms that defined how people in a given social position ought to behave |
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| foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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| the tendency for people wo have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |
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| a tactic for getting people to agree to something. people who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. people who receive only costly request are less likely to comply with it. |
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| tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. for example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another. |
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| insufficient justifications |
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| reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one;s behavioral when external justification is "insufficient" |
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| the theory that when we are unsure attitudes, we infer then much as would someone observing us,by looking at our behavior and the circumstance under which it occurs |
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| over justification effect |
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| the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing' they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing |
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| a theory that A) people often experience a self-image threat, after engaging in an undesirable behavior; and B) they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self. threaten people's self-concept in one domain, and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain. |
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| cult (also called new religious movement) |
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| a group typically characterized by (1) distinctive ritual and beliefs related to its devoting to a god or a person, (2) isolation form the surrounding "evil" culture, and (3) a charismatic leader. |
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| exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available. |
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| a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action |
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