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Terms
Conducting Fundamentals
130
Music
Undergraduate 3
12/12/2011

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Term
dipthong
Definition
two vowel sounds on the same syllable
Term
fermata
Definition
cessation of rhythm
Term
focal plane
Definition
imaginary plane where all icti fall, roughly chest-high
Term
focal point conducting
Definition
a conducting style where all icti land on the same point
Term
GoS
Definition
gesture used to control a response after the beat instead of on the beat
Term
ictus
Definition
precise instant of the rhythmic pulse
Term
mirror conducting
Definition
having left hand conduct exactly like the right hand
Term
music
Definition
organized sound over time with intent
Term
prep beat
Definition
preparatory beat that coincides with the breath of the performers and should indicate tempo, dynamic, style, etc. (do not confuse with an upbeat)
Term
strata
Definition
work load divisions in the score
Term
synergy
Definition
2 + 2 = 5; the total is greater than the sum of the parts; combined action or operation; goal of conductors
Term
takt
Definition
the steady reiteration of beat points
Term
transposition
Definition
process of writing music in a key or octave other than that of the actual sound of the instrument
Term
why do we need a baton?
Definition
because the baton creates a focus of attention
Term
why do we need a podium?
Definition
because the podium makes the conductor the ultimate center of attention and is the workplace of the conductor?
Term
why do we need to wear dark clothing?
Definition
because the white stick shows better to the performers
Term
why do we need a left hand?
Definition
because the left hand can give cues, mold lines, shape dynamics, and display intensity as well as mirror
Term
why do we need a score?
Definition
because it is a direct line to the composer in study, and a reference tool in rehearsal and performance
Term
why do we need to always be so on-time that we are early?
Definition
because a conductor sets and example in every way to the performers as musician and teacher and a conductor must have time to deal with any and all situations that may arise and affect the rehearsal and/or performance
Term
why do we need to seek to create synergy?
Definition
because the experience of performing with other people to create a musical performance that goes beyond the level of the players is a most important lesson, no matter what field your students/performers may pursue in life
Term
colla parte
Definition
with the other part; often refers to accommodating the soloist at that place in the score
Term
come prima
Definition
like the first time
Term
come sta
Definition
exactly as written; do not change anything
Term
con
Definition
with; seen in other forms a a contraction (col, coi, colle, cogli, colla etc.)
Term
en dehors
Definition
out in front of; means the part should be projected through the ensemble; must be heard
Term
l'istesso; lo stesso
Definition
the same; used usually with the word "tempo" meaning that the new part should be in the same tempo as the preceding part
Term
maestro
Definition
conductor, teacher
Term
marcato
Definition
marked, accented
Term
meno
Definition
less
Term
mezzo
Definition
half; usually mezza voce - softly, as if whispered
Term
modo
Definition
style, manner
Term
molto
Definition
very much
Term
ossia
Definition
otherwise; often refers to a simplified part - otherwise do it so
Term
petit
Definition
little
Term
peu
Definition
a little
Term
piacere, a piacere
Definition
at pleasure
Term
più
Definition
more; most often seen with mosso, meaning more motion, slightly quicken the tempo. also, plus
Term
ripieno
Definition
similar to tutti, it distinguishes the accompanying instruments from the soloist
Term
ruhig
Definition
tranquil
Term
sans
Definition
without
Term
schnell
Definition
quick, rapid, presto
Term
scordatura
Definition
tuning contrary to the normal, addressed to the strings
Term
sec, secco
Definition
dry, very short, no after-ring
Term
segue
Definition
follow, continue in the same manner
Term
senza tempo
Definition
without tempo, slightly freer
Term
sim.
Definition
similar; continue articulation or style indicated in previous measure
Term
smorzando
Definition
suddenly dying away
Term
sotto voce
Definition
in an undertone, soft voice
Term
stentato
Definition
labored
Term
strepitoso
Definition
noisily
Term
subito
Definition
suddenly; usually with a piano marking
Term
troppo
Definition
too much
Term
tutti
Definition
the whole ensemble, everybody
Term
unisoni
Definition
in unison; as violini unisoni: all violins in unison
Term
voci pari
Definition
equal voices
Term
accelerando
Definition
gradually increasing the tempo
Term
ad libitum
Definition
at liberty; take time, permit liberties here
Term
affrenttando
Definition
excitedly, increasing the tempo
Term
agogic
Definition
a general classification for modifying of the tempo in favor of the expression
Term
etwas langsamer
Definition
somewhat slower
Term
im takt
Definition
in tempo
Term
mässig
Definition
moderato
Term
pressando
Definition
hurrying, pressing forward
Term
rubato
Definition
varying the note values within the rhythm, not strictly as written
Term
stretto
Definition
condensing, accelerating the tempo (do not confuse with the stretto of the fugue form, which is only a condensing of the distance between subject and answer)
Term
stringendo
Definition
accelerating the tempo
Term
tacet
Definition
silent; usually means the particular instrument does not play in that movement of the work
Term
takt
Definition
the time, the measure, rhythmically; sometimes, an accenting of the first beat in the measure
Term
tempo rubato
Definition
not strictly on the beat
Term
zurückhalten
Definition
ritard
Term
sempre
Definition
always, continuously
Term
con fuoco
Definition
with fire
Term
ritenuto
Definition
held back, slowed dow; usually a more sudden reduction in tempo than called for by ritard and rallentando
Term
ritardando
Definition
slowing down gradually; also indicated by rallentando
Term
da capo
Definition
from the beginning and hence an indication that a piece is to be repeated beginning at the place marked with the sign
Term
dal segno
Definition
from the sign, and hence an indication that a piece is to be repeated beginning at the place marked with the sign
Term
fine
Definition
the end
Term
a tempo, tempo primo, tempo I
Definition
an instruction to return to the original tempo after some temporary departure
Term
lebhaft
Definition
lively, vivace
Term
assez
Definition
sufficiently, rather, e.g. assez vite: rather fast
Term
con brio
Definition
brioso, with vivacity, spirited
Term
largamente
Definition
broadly
Term
mit
Definition
with
Term
doppio movimento
Definition
double, twice as fast
Term
stretto (fugue)
Definition
1. in a fugue, the imitative treatment of the subject at a shorter interval of time than is employed in the initial exposition.
2. in nominative works, a climactic, concluding section in a faster tempo; often stretta
Term
trattenuto
Definition
held back, ritardando
Term
attacca, attacca subito
Definition
attack, attack immediately; when placed at the end of one movement, an instruction to begin the next movement immediately without customary pause
Term
divisi
Definition
divided; an indication in ensemble music that a group of players normally playing the same part are to be divided so as to sing or play different parts sometimes notated on the same staff
Term
tenuto
Definition
held, sustained. in the 18th century notes so marked were to be held to their full value rather than detached somewhat, as was the norm. In music of the 19th century and since, the term may call for a delay of the beat following. It may be indicated by a short horizontal stroke over or under the note
Term
calando
Definition
decreasing in loudness and also in tempo
Term
dolce
Definition
1. sweet; usually also soft; dolcemente, sweetly softly; dolcissimo, extremely sweet, soft.
2. an organ stop of soft tone with narrow-scaled open flue pipes, in the late 19th century American organs
Term
dolente
Definition
sad
Term
espressivo
Definition
expressive, with expression
Term
giocoso
Definition
jocose, humorous
Term
lento, lentamente
Definition
slow; lentissimo, extremely slow
Term
piacevole
Definition
pleasing, agreeable
Term
al niente
Definition
almost nothing
Term
parlando
Definition
speechlike; also parlante. the term is used principally with respect to singing, but sometimes also with respect to instrumental music
Term
a due
Definition
to be played by both, as by first and second flute
Term
erstes mal
Definition
the first time
Term
étouffé
Definition
dampened
Term
etwas
Definition
somewhat
Term
forte possible
Definition
as loud as possible
Term
frappe, frapper
Definition
the downbeat; to beat time
Term
gleich; gleichlich
Definition
quick, quickly
Term
glissez; glisser
Definition
slide; to slide
Term
herausgegeben
Definition
edited
Term
immer
Definition
always
Term
kapellmeister
Definition
the conductor
Term
laisser vibrer; lasciare vibraré
Definition
let it ring or vibrate
Term
morendo
Definition
dying away
Term
moto
Definition
motion
Term
ohne
Definition
without; usually ohno Dämpfer
Term
opus posthumum
Definition
work published after the death of the composer
Term
pult
Definition
desk; a music stand; usually refers to number of stands that are to play the part
Term
schiolto
Definition
fluently
Term
sehr
Definition
very
Term
senza
Definition
without; usually senza sordini (without mutes)
Term
stimme
Definition
a single voice or part in the score
Term
stimme
Definition
a single voice or part in the score
Term
striciando, striciato
Definition
legato motion; smooth
Term
virgula
Definition
old terminology for the baton
Term
a punto
Definition
exactly in rhythm
Term
langsam, langsamer
Definition
slow, slower
Term
taglio
Definition
a cut
Term
tempo perdito
Definition
unsteady tempo
Term
tempo reggiato
Definition
regulate the tempo, usually to accommodate the soloist
Term
five basic elements of a successful preparatory gesture
Definition
tempo, dynamics, style (including articulation), when the group begins, and who begins
Term
cues are made to:
Definition
1) to make elements of the piece musically significant
2) to help instruments make difficult entrances
3) to bring in instruments that have not been playing for a while
Term
cues should
Definition
1) always include eye contact well before the actual cue and a visible breath
2) be inviting
3) be clear to the entire ensemble
4) have variety but be used sparingly
5) be consistent from the conductor throughout rehearsals and the concert
6) not get in the way of the music, but be as musically appropriate as possible
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