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| can be used to explore the structures and functions of cells |
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| is an increase in the specimen;s apparent size |
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| is the ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as separate |
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| such as most prokaryotes and protists |
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| such as, plants, animals, and most fungi |
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| first to describe cells in 1665 |
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| all living things are composed of cells, all cells come from other cells |
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| uses beam of electrons, which results in better resolving power than the light micrscope |
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| scanning electron micrscopes |
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| examine cell surfaces, can magnify up to 100,000 |
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| transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
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| are useful for internal details of cells |
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| bacteria and archaea, smaller, lack internal structures sorrounded by membranes, lack nucleus, have a rigid cell wall |
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| plants , fungi, animals; have organelles, membrane bound structures that perform specific functions |
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| appeared 3.5 billions ago |
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| appeared 2.1 billions ago |
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| the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane |
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| unlike animal cells, plant cells have |
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| protective cell walls , central vacuole, chloroplasts ,which convert light energy to the chemical energy of food |
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| centriole, lysosome, flagellum |
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| separates the living cell from it's nonliving surroundings |
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| membrane are composed of mostly |
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form a two layered membrane, called phospholipid lilayer
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| helps hold animal cells together in tissues, protects and supports them |
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| DNA molecules n associated proteins form fibers called |
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| each chromatin fiber constitutes one |
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| are responsible for the protein synthesis |
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