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Definition
| Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| A personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrong-doing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. |
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Definition
| To interpret one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas. |
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Definition
| An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. |
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Definition
| Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. |
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Definition
| Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. |
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Definition
| A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. |
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Term
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Definition
| A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.785736 |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapies that teach people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.e |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle (which Piaget believed to be part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.mswo |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.s |
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Term
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Definition
| False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.mswo |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities./x-ms |
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Term
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Definition
| The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. This operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory, a preoperational child's difficulty in taking another's point of view. |
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Term
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Definition
| The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.ms |
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Term
| foot-in-the door phenomenon/x-ms |
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Definition
| The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.m |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.d+ |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternativesm |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. |
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Term
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Definition
| One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to favor one's own group. |
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Term
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Definition
| The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, this assumes that mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital. |
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Term
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Definition
| The awareness that things continue to exist, even when not perceived. |
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Term
| obsessive compulsive disorderive |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions., image |
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Term
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Definition
| Anxiety disorders marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of specific objects or situations. |
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Term
| post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.a |
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Term
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Definition
| An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members, generally involving stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.atio |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common gaol than when individually accountable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) beliefs about a group of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of personality, according to Freud, that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| An agent, such as a chemical or virus, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic patterns of behavior or dispositions to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. |
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