Term
| Common Informal Fallacies |
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Definition
Composition: when there is a characteristic of a thing and a person takes that characteristic and generalizes it and assumes it for the entire thing.
Appeal to unqualified authority: When a person uses unqualified material from an unqualified person for their argument
Weak analogy: when an analogy is used for an argument that is not strong enough to support the conclusion |
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| When there is a flaw in an argument |
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| An argument posed with premises that support/don't support a conclusion |
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When the premises are true, the conclusion should follow.
Valid argument: when an arguments premises are true then the conclusion must necessarily follow (premises may not be true)
Sound argument: when an argument is valid and has true premises |
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When the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true
Strong argument: when the premises may be true, then the conclusion is probably true (premises may be false)
Cogent argument: when the premises are true and is a strong argument |
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Term
| Within a deductive argument |
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Definition
Categorical: using categorical statements that assert that part or all of a thing is included in part or all of another category of things
Hypothetical: using hypothetical situations in an argument
Disjunctive: using x and y "either" |
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Term
| Alternative Possibilities |
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Definition
| Alternative possibilites that could be chosen that define if we have free will or not (if we cannot have other "choices" than we cannot make free choices) |
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| When a person reflects upon an event or action they made and they regret what could have happened or what else they could have done |
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| There must be some way to show that an argument may be false |
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| The idea that if we have free will and freedom, then for the actions and events that we choose, we are the single individual who can be blamed for that action. We have to be responsible for the choices we make |
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| Constraints that effect our freedom, such as coercion, threats, or imprisonment |
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| Constraints from within us that limit our freedom, such as uncontrolled emotions, obsessions, or compulsions |
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| The idea that a person can make free choices in their life. Thus, they are morally responsible for these choices that they make |
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| Critical Thinking Diagram |
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Definition
Needs to have origin, example, assumption, definition, and alternative positions
This leads to an argument, then to a conclusion, then to a consequence |
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Plato's idea that people are chained to the back of a cave, not seeing the "true" light, only seeing shadows,
what is reality? |
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| Doing Philosophy versus having a philosophy. In the natural sciences, people seek to find a greater understanding of the natural world. In social sciences, people seek to analyze and find a better model for individual and collective behavior |
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