signaling molecules, usually proteins, produced by one cell and they transmit a signal to another cell (or itself).

Cytokines are termed also lymphokines & Interleukins.

a substance, or a functional group that binds to a receptor (on cell surface or inside cell) & triggers a specific functional response from a cell.

A broader term for cytokines

a term for any molecule on or in the cell which could be recognized, and could allow identification of that cell.

Tells name of cell (cell type), age of cell (stage of differentiation), what the cell was doing (functional status), and location of the cell.

is a specific ‘immune’ protein produced by Plasma cells of the B cell lineage. Could be expressed on the cell membrane or released into lymphatic fluid or blood.

Plasma cells produce antibodies, but Plasma cells are B cells in their final stage of differentiation

bone marrow-derived cells mediating humoral antibody-based immune responses of the adaptive immunity.

 Plasma cells are B cells at their ‘end point’ of differentiation when they acquire  ability to secrete antibodies

part of the adaptive immunity mediated by two types of T cells: cytoxoic T cells by directly destroying pathogenic cells and Helper T cells by secreting lymphokines coordinating function of all immunocompetent cells and initiating the humoral immune response.

cellular immunity usually refers to cellular reactions, which are part of adaptive immunity

mediated by mechanisms responding to pathogenic stimuli in antigen non-specific manner with no increase in response with repeated exposure to a given pathogen.

 It is a nonclonal defense mechanism. Innate immunity is also mediated by cells: granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells (which are lymphocytes)

(1) Macrophages are the first responders they call more macrophages the area (inflammation)

(2) complement proteins lyse the bacterial cells

(3) chemokines call neutrophils to the area and

(4) growth factors promote the growth of nonspecific granulocytes and monocytes

(1) induce inflammation

(2) promote secretion of acute phase/complement proteins

(3) activate other cells

(4) regulate chemotaxis and

(5) produce growth factor

Adaptive immunity is a cause of Humoral immunity in bacterial infections.

MHC class II molecules pick up antigen from Cytosol and present to T helper cells which in turn stimulate clonal processing and maturation of B cells into plasma cells leading to antibody secretion and bacterial eradication

The role of innate immunity it to induce virolysis of the virus via peptides of the complement system, they generate pores in the virus surface and lyse it

The virus could also be neutralized in which complement proteins block the viral infection by using antibodies, preventing the virus from entering the cell

(1)They are regulators of immunity processes

(2)They are mediated by signaling receptors

(3) Activation triggers cascade of signaling pathways, leading to release of transcription factors which induce gene transcription of genes that produce acute-phase proteins in the liver

T cells aid in cellular immunity

T helper cells secrete regulatory cytokines coordinating functions of all cells

Cytotoxic T cells directly destroy the pathogen

(1)Acute-phase proteins- non-specific factors that make bacteria more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells (2)Chemokines- chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction

3)Complement proteins- series of serum proteins that are normally present and whose overall function is mediation of inflammation