-78%nitrogen

- 21%oxygen

- .9%argon

- .1%other nobel gases

- .4% carbon dioxide

Fossil Fuels

haemoglobin in blood to stop carrying oxygen to brain

results in dizzyness, headaches, and death

carbon dioxide, methane with water vapor, & oxides of nitrogen

aka- the industrial revolution

- glaciers and ice to melt

- earth surface temps to rise

- severe weather

enters the air thru respiration and burning 

it leaves by plants during photosynthesis

Calcium Carbonate

(Uses of limestone)

- tightly packed together in a regular arrangement

- vibrate in fixed positions

- closely packed together but able to move past eachother

- vibrate and move past eachother

- well spread out in random arrangement

- vibrate and move freely at high speeds

Use kinetic theory to describe what happens when a

solid melts

Particles in the solid absorb thermal energy when

heated and convert into kinetic energy. This

causes the particles to vibrate more. The solid

then expands until the structure breaks, and it

becomes a liquid

Use kinetic theory to describe what

happens when a liquid freezes

When cooled, the liquid particles slow down.

Eventually, the particles move slow enough for

forces to hold the particles in a regular solid

structure

Use kinetic theory to describe what

happens when a liquid evaporates 

Particles near the surface of the liquid gain

sufficient energy from the surroundings to

overcome the forces between molecules and

evaporate

Use kinetic theory to describe what

happens when a liquid boils

When heated, the particles gain energy and

will eventually move fast enough to overcome

the forces between them

Use kinetic theory to describe what

happens when a gas condenses

When cooled, the gas particles slow down

and get closer together. Eventually, the forces

between the particles will be great enough for

the substance to become a liquid

Use kinetic theory to describe what

happens during sublimation

Particles on the surface of a solid gain

sufficient energy to overcome all forces

between them and become a gas. This is

similar to evaporation, but occurs with solids

rather than liquids

Substance A melts at -183oC and boils at -50oC.

What state is A at -90oC?

How does pressure affect the motion of

gas particles?

As pressure increases, the motion of the

gas particles increases

How does temperature affect the motion

of gas particles?

As temperature increases, pressure and

the kinetic energy of the particles

increases which causes the particles to

move more

How does temperature affect the motion

of gas particles?

As temperature increases, pressure and

the kinetic energy of the particles

increases which causes the particles to

move more

True or false?

‘Particles in fluids move randomly’

The net movement of particles from an

area of high concentration to an area of

low concentration. Diffusion is a passive

process (requires no energy) 

Which states of matter does diffusion

occur in? 

Particles with a smaller molecular mass have a

higher average speed.

The rate of diffusion is quicker for molecules with

a smaller molecular mass as they can move to

different regions faster 

suspension of solid in a liquid

large particles sink to the bottom liquid can be poured off carefully

insoluble collected as residue on filter paper

leaving liquid separate

mixture is spun at high speed in a centrifuge

leaves solid deposited at the bottom of the tube

solid + solid 

(powdered mix)

Liquid + liquid

(immiscible)

To get solid: evaporation/crystallization

to get liquid: distillation

positive charge

is the atomic number

high melting points

hard and dense

good conductors for electricity

good heat conductors

malleable

ductile

grey except gold and copper

can be polished

ringing sound when struck

solids or gases except bromine

low melting and boiling point

softer than metals

low densities

poor conductors

brittle when solid

vary in colour

dull surface when solid

do not make a ringing sound when struck

shared electrons between atoms combine to achieve a more stable arrangement of electrons like a noble gas

non-metals plus nonmetals held together by this

electrons transferred from one atom to another

metal plus non-metal compounds held together

a lattice of positive ions in a sea of electrons

can slide over eachother