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Definition
| scientific study of the whole person |
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| personality psychologists |
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Definition
| study individual differences in people. They develop ways to classify, categorize, and organize the diversity of psychological individuality, and look for biological and environmental forces and factors that explain those differences |
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| general, internal, and comparative dispositions that we attribute to people in our initial efforts to sort individuals into meaningful behavioural categories and to account for consistencies we perceive or expect in behaviour form one situation to the next and over time |
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| the big 5 trait categories |
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| (1) Openness (2) Conscientiousness (3) Extraversion (4) Agreeableness and (5) Neuroticism (spell OCEAN) |
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| characteristic adaptations |
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| contextualized facts of psychological individuality that speak to motivational, cognitive, and developmental concerns for personality |
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| theories of human motivation |
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| what people fundamentally want or desire in life |
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| theories of cognition and personality |
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| underscore the role of cognitive factors (values, beliefs, expectancies, schemas, plans) in human individuality |
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| theories that are developmental |
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| focusing on evolution of the self and its relationships with others from birth to old age |
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| an internalized and evolving narrative of the self that integrates the reconstructed past, perceived present, and anticipated future in order to provide a life with a sense of unity and purpose |
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| dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, and life stories |
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| an active attempt to discern and then describe organization, patterns, design, or structure in a phenomenon |
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| an in-depth investigation of a single individual, sometimes collected over a period of time |
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| - Organize observations from step 1 into a more-or-less coherent system that explains the phenomenon of interest |
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| a set of interrelated statements proposed to explain certain observations of reality |
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| standards of a scientific theory |
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Definition
o Comprehensiveness
o Parsimony
o Coherence
o Testability
o Empirical Validity
o Usefulness
o Generativity |
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- Moves from the context of discovery to the context of justification
- The scientist attempts to evaluate or justify the truth of a given statement proposed by a given theory |
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| - Empirical studies that assess the extent to which 2 different variables relate to each other |
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- Determining cause and effect relationships between different variables – experimental
- A scientist manipulates or alters one variable of interest in order to observe its impact on another variable of interest |
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| a process whereby nature gradually selects those characteristics of organisms that promote survival and reproductive success |
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| organism’s overall ability to maximize the replication of the genes that designed it |
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| created by evolutionary psychologists, what Pleistocene’s evolved |
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| asserts that human beings are biologically predisposed to live in social groups that are variously organized into status hierarchies |
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| our ways of displaying the self to larger audiences (colleagues, friends) |
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| our ways of displaying the self to those who are most important to us (family) |
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| tendency of human beings to ally themselves with their own groups and to distrust deeply those groups that are not one’s own |
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| 3 conditions of group life in pleistocene |
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Definition
o Group value
o Mutual aid
o Internal conflict |
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| parents sacrifice their own interests to benefit their children and increase likelihood of passing down their genes |
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| experience of human love in the non-nonsense language of natural selection and shows how attachments between human beings have proven exquisitely adaptive over the course of human evolution |
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| involves a series of short lab episodes through which the infant, the caregiver and a stranger interact in a comfortable setting and the behaviours of the infant are observed |
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| brand of psychology that explores the ways in which observable behaviour is learned and shaped by the environment |
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| the greatest amount of happiness/pleasure for the greatest number of people |
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Definition
| various objects and ideas that are contiguous in time or space come to be connected, or associated, with each other into meaningful units |
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| higher order conditioning |
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Definition
| conditioned stimuli come to be associated with other neutral stimuli, which themselves become conditioned stimuli by virtue of the association |
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| the process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a desired behaviour in an attempt to elicit that behaviour |
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| retain some of behaviourism’s emphasis on environmentalism and learning, while adopting a broader view of human behaviour that incorporates important cognitive variables that cannot be directly observed |
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| conditioned generalized reinforcers |
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Definition
| reinforcers that acquire their power because of their association with a variety of other reinforcers (money) |
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| subjectively held probability that a particular reinforcement will occur as the outcome of a specific behaviour |
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| generalized expectancies about the nature of reinforcement in the world |
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| self-report scale that measures a person’s locus of control. Contains 29 items asking people to choose between internal and external options |
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Definition
| subjective attractiveness of a particular reinforcement |
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| cognitive/social learning/person varaibles |
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Definition
| characteristic strategies or styles of approaching situations, and are thought to grow out of the individual’s previous experiences with both situations and rewards |
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| refer to what a person knows and can do |
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| deal with the manner in which people interpret information |
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| self regulatory systems and plans |
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| refer to the ways we regulate and guide our own behaviour through self-imposed goals and standards |
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Definition
human beings learn a great deal simply by watching other people behave, reading about what other people do, and generally observing the world
- Bandura views the process of 4 component steps through which a person observes another’s behaviour and imitates them: |
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Definition
| observe the model, certain features of the model may capture the observer’s attention better than a less distinctive model. Also the observer must have the capacity to observe the model and be motivated. |
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Definition
| person must be able to encode, remember, and make sense of what he/she observes. |
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| motor reproduction processes |
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Definition
| capabilities of performing what is observed and the availability of such performance in the observer’s repertoire of behaviour |
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| observer must want to imitate behaviour; may need help with reinforcement or punishment |
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| person’s belief that he/she can successfully carry out courses of action required to deal with prospective situations containing many ambiguous, unpredictable, and often stressful elements |
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| consists of the many different environment contexts that influence a persons’ behaviour and shape his/her life |
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| six categories of human environments |
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Definition
o Dimensions of the physical ecology
o Behaviour settings or episodes
o Organizational structure
o Characteristics of persons in the situation
o Organizational climate
o Functional and reinforcement properties |
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| an abstract set of features about a given class of situations. |
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| conditions of society that differentiate people along the lines of power and resources |
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| inflexible ideas about how males and females do and should act |
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| tendency of an individual to assert the self in a powerful and expansive manner and is associated with such characteristics as being aggressive, independent, masterful, and instrumentally competent |
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| tendency of an individual to merge with other individuals and is associated with such characteristics as being friendly, unselfish,, concerned with others, and emotionally expressive |
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| a meaning system that exalts the autonomy of the individual over and against the interdependence of the group |
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| meaning system that gives priority to the in-group or collective over and against the individual |
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| depending on or presuming another’s benevolence |
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| refers most generally to the economic, political, and cultural systems spawned In the 19th and 20th centuries, by the Industrial Revolution; the expansion of capitalism and the proliferation of markets and trade; the increasing domination of science and technology; and the rising power of nationalist states, especially democracies, beginning in Western Europe and America and eventually spread to parts of Asia |
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| bicultural identity integration |
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| the extent to which bicultural individuals are able to combine their different cultural influences into a coherent single identity |
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| consists of those people who are born at the same point in historical time and thereby develop a shared understanding of the world, common beliefs and aims, and a shared generational style |
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