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| languages from Europe, Iranian plateau, South Asia, Anatolia, Central Asia |
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| unattested, reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages |
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| said Greek and Latin were related by a language that didnt exist anymore; Sanskrit had similarities to them too |
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| comparative philology (comparative linguistics) |
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| branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness |
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| linguistic reconstruction |
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| establishing the features of the unattested ancestor (proto-language) of one or more given languages |
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| establish systematic sound correspondences of putative cognates; if numerous and precise, rule out chance, borrowing, language universals as source of similarities |
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| the common ancestor of the languages that form a language family |
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| words that have a common etymological origin |
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| regularity of sound correspondences |
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| result of regularity of sound changes |
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| regular and exceptionless changes |
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| German philologist who discovered sound changes from PIE to IE |
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| tells how sounds changed from PIE to IE; part 1: old unvoiced stops became fricativse in Germanic; original voiced stops became voiceless stops |
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| change in root vowel as part of a derivational or inflectional process |
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| Angles, Saxons, and Jutes |
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| all came from Scandinavia and settled in different locations in Britain |
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| Old English (Anglo-Saxon) |
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| spoken by Anglo-Saxons from mid 5th cent. to mid 12th cent. |
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| king of the Anglo-Saxons, defended from Vikings; unified diverse Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; translated Latin works into Old English |
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| first major outside influence on English; Norse vocab trickled in, replaced some Anglo-Saxon words; words like she, both |
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| dominated Anglo-Saxon ones; Viking expansion in 9th cent. influenced language; brought word law |
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| Old English heroic poem; most important piece of Anglo-Saxon literature |
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| conquest 1066, language of Nobles |
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| late 11th cent. until 1470; from end of Anglo-Saxon rule (and beginning of Norman rule) |
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| author of Canterbury Tales; closer to Middle English (1343-1400) |
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| Great English Vowel Shift |
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| set of sound changes that shifted the pronunciation of the long vowels from about 1450-1750 in southern England |
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