Term
| Two types of fermentation |
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Definition
| Alcoholic and Homolactic are categorized as this reaction type |
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Term
| The empirical formula for glycolysis w/ alcohol fermentation |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi ---> 2(ethanol) + 2 CO2 + 2ATP |
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Term
| The empirical formula for glycolysis w/ homolactate fermentation |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi ---> 2(lactate) + 2CO2 + 2H20 + 2ATP |
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Term
| It is the last intermediate common to homolactic and alcohol fermentation |
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Definition
| Pyruvate is the final intermediate common to both these pathways |
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Term
| Molecular structure of Pyruvate |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycolysis takes place in this area of the cell |
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Definition
| This rxn takes place in the cytosol |
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Term
| In human tissue, pyruvate is oxidized into these two products |
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Definition
| In human tissue, CO2 and H2O are the two oxidized products from this molecule |
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Term
| Describe normal extracellular and intracellular [glucose] |
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Definition
| It is normally high in the extracellular fluid and low within the cell |
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Term
| For entry into the glycolytic pathway, glucose enters the cell by this kind of transport |
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Definition
| This molecule enters the cell via facilitated diffusion to participate in glycolysis |
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Term
| Active transport systems for glucose are involved in these two areas of the body |
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Definition
1) The lumen of the intestine
2) Proximal tubules of the kidney
are sites of this kind of glucose transport system |
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Term
| Hexokinase is the catalyst for this rxn |
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Definition
Glucose + ATP ---> Glucose-6-Phospate +ADP
uses this enzyme |
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Term
Phosphoglucose Isomerase (PGI)
is the catalyst for this rxn |
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Definition
Glucose-6-Phosphate ---> Fructose-6-Phosphate
uses this enzyme |
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Term
| PFK-1 is the catalyst for this rxn |
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Definition
F-6-P + ATP ---> F-1,6-BP
uses this enzyme |
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Term
| Aldolase is the catalyst for this rxn |
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Definition
F-1,6-BP ---> DHAP + GAP
uses this enzyme |
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Term
Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI)
is the catalyst for this rxn |
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Definition
DHAP ---> GAP
uses this enzyme |
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Term
| GAPDH is the catalyst for this rxn |
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Definition
GAP + NAD+ + Pi---> 1,3-BPG + NADH
uses this enzyme |
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Term
Phosphoglycerate Kinase (PGK)
is the catalyst for this rxn |
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Definition
1,3-BPG + ADP ---> 3-PG + ATP
uses this catalyst |
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Term
Phosphoglycerate Mutase
is the catalyst for this rxn |
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Definition
3-PG ---> 2-PG
uses this catalyst |
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Term
| Enolase is the catalyst for this rxn |
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Definition
| 2-PG ---> PEP uses this catalyst |
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Term
| Pyruvate Kinase is the catalyst for this rxn |
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Definition
PEP + ADP ---> Pyruvate + ATP
uses this catalyst |
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Term
| These are the 3 irreversible rxns of Glycolysis |
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Definition
1. Glucose + ATP ---> G-6-P
2. F-6-P + ATP ---> F-1,6-BP
3. PEP + ADP ---> Pyruvate + ATP
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Term
| Which substrate needs to be continuously regenerate to keep Glycolysis going? |
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Definition
| NAD+ needs to be continuously regenerated to keep this process going |
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Term
| The reactions that use substrate-level phosphorylation in Glycolysis |
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Definition
1) the conversion 1,3-BPG to 3-PG
2) and PEP to Pyrvate |
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Term
| Three characteristics of the conversion of 1,3-BPG to 3-PG |
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Definition
Both molecules involved are high energy compunds The direction of the rxn is dependent on the
concentration of each molecule
And therefore the rxn is reversible |
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Term
| Fluoride is a competitive inhibitor of this enxyme |
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Definition
| This gas competitively inhibits enolase |
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Term
| For this reason, fluoride is a unqiue competitive inhibitor in glycolysis |
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Definition
It is a unique competitive since it is not a structural analogue of the substrate |
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Term
| 1-Arseno-3-Phosphoglycerate is an inhibitor of this step in glycolysis |
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Definition
| It inhibits substrate level phosphorylation, preventing the conversion of 1,3-BPG to 3-PG |
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Term
| This glycolytic rxn produces NADH |
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Definition
| The conversion of G-3-P to 1,3-BPG |
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Term
| The common goal of Lactic Acid and ethanol Metabolism |
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Definition
| The goal is to regenerate NAD+ |
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Term
| Lactate Dehydrogenous is the catalyst for this rxn |
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Definition
| pyruvate + NADH + H+ <--> Lactate + NAD+ |
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Term
| Which enzymes are involved in Ethanol Metabolism |
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Definition
| Pyruvate decarboxylase and Alcohol DH are two enzume found in this rxn |
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Term
| The steps of ethanol metabolism in yeast |
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Definition
1. Pyruvate ---> Acetaldehyde + CO2 (Pyruvate Decarboxylase)
2. Acetaldehyde + NADH ---> Ethanol + NAD+ (Alcohol DH) |
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Term
Steps of ethanol metabolism in humans |
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Definition
1. Ethanol + NAD+ ---> Acetaldehyde + NADH
(Alcohol DH)
2. Acetaldehyde + NAD+ ---> Acetate + NADH
(Aldehyde DH)
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Term
The metabolism of EtOH in humans occurs specifically in the regions of this organ's cells
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|
Definition
This process occurs in the liver
1. rxn w/ Alcohol DH in the cytosol
2. rxn w/ Aldehyde DH in the mitochondria |
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Term
| Ethanol metabolism in humans is this kind of a rxn |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The fate of acetate following its production in ethanol metabolism in humans |
|
Definition
In muscle cells, it is converted into acetyl-CoA and enters the TCA cycle where it is completely oxideized to CO2. |
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Term
| Seven tissues in the body that rely on anaerobic glycolysis as their primary source of ATP |
|
Definition
1. Eye tisse
2. RBCs
3. Medulla of the kidney
4. Active skeletal muscle
5. Skin
6.Neonata Tissue
7. Tumour cells |
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Term
| The fetus is dependent on these two molecules for energy production. |
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Definition
| The fetus is dependent upon glucose and ketone bodies for this typr of production |
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Term
| These large molecules cannot cross the placenta and thus cannot be used as a source of energy |
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Definition
| Fatty acids cannot cross this site to be used as energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate of glucose in anaerobic metabolism is much higher in cells than in aerobic metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| an inhibitor of Alcohol DH |
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Term
| Mechanism of methanol poisoning (2 rxns) |
|
Definition
1. methanol + NAD+ ---> formaldehyde + NADH
via Alcohol DH
2. formaldehyde + NAD+ ---> formic acid
via Aldehyde DH |
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Term
| End product of Ethylene glycol metabolism |
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Definition
| Oxalic acid is the end product for this pathway |
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Term
| A health consequence of ethylene glycol poisoning |
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Definition
| Hypocalcemia is a consequence of this type of poisoning. |
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Term
| Tx for ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning |
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Definition
| Intravenous EtOH solution; EtOH is a competitive substrate for Alcohol DH |
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Term
| A positive allosteric effector of PFK-1 |
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Definition
| AMP and Pi are positive allosteric effectors of this glycolytic enzyme |
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Term
| 3 Negative allosteric effectors of PFK-1 |
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Definition
| ATP, H+and citrate are negative allosteric effectors of |
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Term
| The relationship between F-1,6-BP and Pyruvate Kinase in glycolysis |
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Definition
| The glycolytic intermediate is an allosteric activator, providing Feed Forward Stimulation to the glycolytic enzyme |
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Term
| A negative allosteric effector of Pyrivate Kinsase |
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Definition
| ATP is a negative alloseteric effector of this final glycolytic enzyme |
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Term
| The goal of the Malate-Aspartate and Glycerol Phosphate shuttles |
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Definition
| The goal of this system is to regenerate cytosolic NAD+ by transporting e-s from cytoslic NADH into the matrix of the mitochondrion. |
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Term
| The two enzymes involved and their locations in the Malate-Asparate Shuttle |
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Definition
- Malate DH - cytosol and mito matrix
- Aspartate amino transferase - cytosol and mito matrix
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Term
| The rxn catalyzed by Malate DH |
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Definition
The enzyme catalyzes the following rxn:
oxaloacetate + NADH + H+---> Malate + NAD+ |
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Term
Aspartate amino transferase catalyzes this rxn
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Definition
This enzyme catalyzes the following rxn:
Glutamate + Oxaloacetate <--> Alpha-ketoglutarate + Aspartate |
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Term
| These are the two transporters in the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle |
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Definition
- Glutamate-Aspartate Antiporter
- Malate-alpha-Ketoglutarate Antiporter
are the two transporters in this mechanism |
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Term
| The purpose of the Glutamate-Aspartate Antiporter |
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Definition
| It transports H+ and glutamate into the mitochondrial matrix and aspartate into the cytosol |
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Term
| Enzyme involved in the Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle |
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Definition
| Glycerol-3-Phosphate DH is the enzyme invoved in this system |
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Term
| Main difference between cytosolic G-3-P DH and Mitochondrial G3P DH |
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Definition
| Mitochondrial G-3-P DH is membrane bound (inner mitochondrial membrane) whereas the cytosolic form is not |
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Term
| The rxn catalyzed by mitochondrial G3P DH |
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Definition
| FAD + 2H+---> FADH2 is catalyzed by this enzyme |
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Term
| Molecular structure of oxalocetate |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Molecular structure of α-ketoglutarate |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Molecular structure of acetaldehyde |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Molecular structure of acetate |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Molecular structure of oxalic acid |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Molecular structures of DHAP and GAP |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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