Term
|
Definition
| Influences chem interactions that affect macromolecular structure and biochemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reflection of the thermal energy of the molecules in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Down a temperature gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Move from an animal to the environment and vice versa |
|
|
Term
| Heat energy is lost by... |
|
Definition
| Evaporation, Convection, Conduction, Radiation (4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism's combination of behavioral, biochemical, and physiological responses that ensure body temp is within acceptable limit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body temperature allowed to vary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body temp does not vary with ambient temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulate body temperture through external measures with high degree of variation in body temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulate body temperature through internal means with low degree of variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use a Regulatory thermal strategy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use a Tolerant thermal strategy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Typically poikilotherms and use external measures in accordance with tolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Typically homeotherms, use internal measures in accordance with regulation. Tend to have higher metabolic rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Range of temperatures optimal for physiological processes. Minimal metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| Upper Critical Temperature |
|
Definition
| Metabolic rate increases as animal induces physiological response to prevent overheating |
|
|
Term
| Lower Critical Temperature |
|
Definition
| Metabolic rate increases to increase heat production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A preferred temperature, but no UCT, LCT or thermoneutral zone |
|
|
Term
| Incipient Lethal Temperatures |
|
Definition
| Upper and lower, temperature at which 50% of animals die |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tolerant of wide range of ambient temperatures. Can occupy greater number of thermal niches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tolerates only a narrow range of ambient temperatures |
|
|
Term
| Thermogenesis caused by... |
|
Definition
| Increasing metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of higher body temperatures... |
|
Definition
| Increased growth, development, digestion and biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| Heat is a by-product of... |
|
Definition
| Energy metabolism, excercise, digestion |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic Heat is produced by... |
|
Definition
| BOTH endotherms and ectotherms. Endotherms have the ability to retain enough heat to elevate body temp above environmental ambient temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Possessed by endotherms, metabolic reactions that release heat due to wasted energy. No product. |
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrate metabolism in Flight Muscles |
|
Definition
| Mechanism of heat production in insects, two opposing enzymes = futile cycle |
|
|
Term
| Contraction of antagonistic flight muscles simultaneously... |
|
Definition
| heat production in insects, no net movement despite use of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat production in insects, no net movement. Frequency and orientation controlled to avoid generating lift |
|
|
Term
| Shivering thermogenesis... |
|
Definition
| Unique to birds and mammals, uncoordinated myofiber contraction. No gross muscle contraction. Works for short periods of time, muslces rapidly depleted of nutrients = exhaustion. Prevents animal from using locomotory muscle for foraging or predator avoidance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used for nonshivering thermogenesis. High levels of mitochondria, produces the protein thermogenin |
|
|
Term
| Brown Adipose Tissue located in... |
|
Definition
| back and shoulder regions of small mammals and newborns that live in cold environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uncouples mitochondrial electron transport system and proton pumping from ATP synthesis: High rate of fatty acid oxidation, energy released as heat |
|
|
Term
| Mammalian Internal Thermostat |
|
Definition
| Information from central and peripheral thymus sensors is integrated in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus sends signals to body. |
|
|
Term
| Avian Internal Thermostat |
|
Definition
| Located in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| High Heat control mechanisms... |
|
Definition
| Vasodilation, sweating, panting |
|
|
Term
| Low Heat control mechanisms... |
|
Definition
| Vasoconstriction, BAT activity, Shivering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alter blood flow to the body surface to change rate of heat exchange. Utilizes varying constriction and dilation properties of arterioles and AV shunts |
|
|
Term
| VR and normal body temp... |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic NS maintains tonic constriction of arterioles (blood flow not near skin) Mediated by alpha adrenergic signals |
|
|
Term
| VR and high body temperature... |
|
Definition
| Decrease in tonic constriction of arteriole (Dilation), increase in constriction of AV shung (blood flow near skin, release heat) |
|
|
Term
| Countercurrent Heat Exchange |
|
Definition
| Transfer thermal energy from warm arterial blood to cooler venous blood to retain heat. Important in regionally heterothermic fish and birds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large animals with low surface area to volume ratios to reduce body temperature via evaporative cooling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Raises heat of vaporization = greater heat loss than evaporation of pure water. Decreases concentration during long periods of heat exposure to minimize ionic and osmotic problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sweating, via symp innervation of sweat glands |
|
|
