-Satellites only transmitted to a local cable company

• Ex, WTBS bounced of a satellite
• HBO operated the same way

Stanford professor Taylor Howard figured out how to catch HBO's signals @ home

• He converted an old military surplus radar dish into a TV reciever only (TVRO) satellite dish.

• used 6-12ft home satellite dish
• used low power  microwave c-band
• 3.7-4.2 GHz(lower)
• still around today, but outdated due to size and interference

• Broadcasters started scrambling their c-band transmissions & charged TVRO users for a decoder

• Stanley S. Hubbard founded the U.S. Satellite Broadcasting (USSB) Company

• Carried several "cable" channels like WTBS and HBO charged a monthly fee
• They borrowed unused space on existing satellites

• Used smaller 3ft dishes
• Used medium  power microwave KU-Band
• 11.7-12.7 GHz
• Less interference than in C-Band
• Was unsuccessful
• Expensive for equipment ($1,000-1,500)
• Few channels available

• Rupert Murdoch launched Sky Satellite TV in the U.K.
• Later known as BSkyB
• Murdoch's News Corp still has a 39% controlling interest in BSkyB

• Huge success
• 1st satellite company to offer low cost equipment & low service fee
• Cheapest way to get more channels 

1990's & Today

DBS

• DBS is set by the ITU (international telecom union)
• smallest dishes (18in)
• uses high power microwave KU-Band
• 12.2-12.7 GHz
• least interference=superior digital audio & video
• more space=more channels available

• Prevented DBS companies from offering from local broadcast channels
• DBS users heeded an antenna or cable to get local ABC, CBS, etc.

• Allowed DBS to offer local broadcast channels
• BUT, they were now bound by new regulations

• If a DBS provider agrees to carry 1 local station, then they must carry ALL local stations (in any givem local market)

• This operates the same way as with cable
• DBS & local station negotiates fees
• Unlike cable, DBS providers mist follow BOTH RULES

1. Geosynchronus Earth Orbit (GEO)
2. Middle Earth Orbit (MEO)
3. Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

• Travels @ a lower speed than Earth
• Bad for TV
• Used for GPS

• Remains stationary above one spot on Earth (travels at the same speed of earth)
• Good for 24hrs non-stop communication
• Used by DBS providers
• Good for satellite telephone
• Orbits farthest above the earth

• Travels faster than earth
• Bad for TV
• Used for GPS

• MEO & LEO ground receivers must hop from satellite to satellite to get constant signal

• All TV was broadcasted via antenna
• Not everyone could get a signal 

• Coaxial Cable was used to carry TV signals where broadcast signals couldn't travel (ex. deep valleys of Pennsylvania couldn't get signal)

• Robert Tarlton owned an appliance store in Lansford, PA
• Nobody bought his TV's b/c they couldn't get a signal in Lansford
• Decided to use coax to provide TV (1st person to turn coaxial into a business/ bu my TV, I'll set up your cable)

• Community Antenna Television
• Started by Tarlton

• Slow growth era
• A few UHTV broadcasters decided to start borrowing SHF signals off satellites & back down to CATV companies (ex. Ted Turners who was the first pioneer of cable WTBS "superstation"
• Other decide to go cable only (ex. espn)

• Fast growth era
• several "cable only" stations are founded (CNN, USA, MTV, Discovery, etc.)

1964: 1mil
1975: 2mil

2001: 67mil

2012: 56mil

• Satellite companies
• Telephones companies offering IPTV (internet protocol television)

• 1992: The FCC mandated that cable companies must follow 1 of 3 rules

6G

7G

8G

• 1995-2001
• Innovations: First 3D
• 32+ bit processions allow for 3D gaming envirments
• First-person shooter games (FPS) games took off
• Later systems --> 7 better processors (e.g. 128 bit PS2, X box) --> 3D

• 2001-2012
• Innovations: High Definiton/ handsfree play
• systems classfied mainly by CPU/GPU Processor GHz speed

• 2012-Today
• Highly debateable new stuff
• Video game crash after 3G

• Graphics (high processor speed and 1080p
• Audio (Dolby 7.1 surround sound
• Online Game play options (play with dozens of other people
• Improved Controller design ( wii-mote or handsfree xbox kinect/wii u game pad)
• Cutting edge gaming elements attempt to create a greater sense of immersion

• Better color and graphics

• Cell phone + game system
• expensive, clumsy, few games, disaster

• Introduced touch screen technology
• Again, Nintendo emphasizes unique game play over "best" graphic (3D came next)

• Again, unlike nintendo, sony emphasizes graphics

• 13 billion in 2012 (U.S.)
• Box office sales were 11 billion (VG sales down from 17 billion in 2011, but still beat box office)
• Grand Theft Auto 5 made 800mil realease day broke records
• 1st day film record is only 92 million

• Make money off of game licensing, online tees, accessories, etc
• Business to business transactions
• Consoles do become profitable eventually

1. Cognitive Effects
2. Emotional Effects
3. Psychological Effects
4. Attitudunal Effects
5. Behavioral Effects

• Learning specific acts & lessons (Ex. if you play alot of 1st person shooter games it might be easier to use a gun in real life)
• Generalizing Patterns (induction, going from a specific observation to a general rule) People who play tetris are often good at other puzzle games

• Media can trigger strong emotions (fear, rage, lust) 
• emotional habituation: extensive exposure to one type of content may lead to lower emotional sensitivity (Horror movie viewing ^ fear goes down

• Temporary flight or fight reaction (ex. scary imagery in a survival -horro video game makes you jump)
• Physiological Habituation: extensive viewing of one type of content may lead to lower physiological sensitivity (ex. video gore^ arousal goes down

• Immediate creation or change atitudes (ex, learning that pepsi has has a new flavor)
• Long term reinforcements of attitudes (ex, a TV ad tells you that volkswagen has developed a new anti-lock broke system and this reinforences your already favorable impression of VW)

• Social Learning Theory: it is an extension of the pronciples of "operating learning" from basic psychology

- the process of operant learning

engage in behavior> behavior is reinforced> repeat behavior

• The BoBo Doll Stories: children (& adults) that viewed TV violence learned violent behaviors & were more likely to hit a BoBo Doll after viewing
• Easy to imagine similar effects from the internet today

• Manipulation #1: participants were randomly assigned to read a fake news article that either (a) supported catharsis (b) refuted it (c) was unrelated to catharsis

• Manipulation #2: participants were (a) angered or (b) not

• Angry people that believe they can purge anger through violent video game play will want to do so