Term
| Herbert Matere and Heinrich Welker |
|
Definition
| made the transistor in the same year as Shockley - 1948. Called it the point-contact conductor. Rumored to not work. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 kinds of transistors. both take advantage of the n and p-dope materials. |
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Term
|
Definition
| had numerous transistors on one circuit. at first, electricity was used by chaining devices - very inefficient. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| made the integrated circuit in 1949. |
|
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Term
| beginning of integrated circuit |
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Definition
| idea was first thought of by Geoffrey Dummer. Never built one, but published the idea of it. called the prophet of the integrated circuit. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| made the first, true integrated circuit in 1958. patented the IC in 1959, and won the Nobel prize for it in 2000. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| made his own integrated circuit shortly after Kilby - they were friends. Started up Intel and called the "mayor of silicon valley." didn't win a nobel prize |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| small scale integration - only a few transistors on a chip. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| medium scale integration - made in late 1960's. 100's of transistors on a chip. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| made in 1970's. large scale integration - 10s of thousands of transistors on a chip. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| very large scale integration - made in early 1980's. 100,000 to billions of transistors on a chip. |
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Term
| Silicon used for integrated circuits |
|
Definition
| pure silicon is needed. pure crystal is used in silicon, and the crystal acts as a template for the silicon. crystal is slowly pulled out of silicon, and crystal with silicon on it is a Boule. |
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Term
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Definition
| carve stone, plate, or wood - then paint over it with paper, and based on the depths of the carving, a picture is on the painted paper. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| photo resist is put over silicon wafer, and a mask is put over that. Light is shined on mask, and photo resist melts, and layers are created for the integrated circuits. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| number of transistors on an integrated circuit will double every 18 months, but the price stays the same - gordon moore, co-founder of Intel. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| size of transistors are measured in micrometers. old way of measuring. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| transistors are measured in nanometers. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| made in the early 1970's. called the Intel 4004. intel 8008 was made in 1972 and was the world's first 8-bit processor. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| direct offset of radar. stands for Light Amplification through the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the first demonstration of a laser was by theodore harold maiman in 1960. |
|
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Term
| stimulated emission - laser |
|
Definition
| stimulated emission - crux of how a laser works. electromagnetic radiation amplification - amps up light. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Einstein can be credited with the theory of the laser. energy is in the form of a photon, and 1 electron goes into an excited state. electron doesn't stay there for long. 1 electron becomes excited for each photon that enters. electron later emits photon and goes back to ground state. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an electron is sent down by 1 incoming photon, and 2 photons are released. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| all of the electrons are in an excited state. only a theoretical idea during einstein's time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| used microwaves. ammonia (NH3) acts like an umbrella - rapidly goes from inside to right-side out. Made by Charlie Towns. |
|
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Term
| Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson |
|
Definition
| both worked for Bell Labs on microwave communication. had an antenna, but couldn't get rid of noise they heard. brought in MASER to detect microwaves - still had noise. they were picking up cosmic microwave background - microwaves left over from big band. got nobel prize in 1978. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| electrons go from ground state to excited state, and the ruby crystal in the laser is used to "pump" the electrons and send them to the metastable state. |
|
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Term
| components of a ruby laser |
|
Definition
| ruby has chromium ions - capable of metastable state. lights around ruby to send photons. 2 mirrors - back is 100% reflective and front is 95%. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the light goes back and forth between the two mirrors, and it gets amplified with every reflection. eventually it gets so strong that some of the light will get through the 95% reflective mirror. |
|
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Term
| what is needed in every laser |
|
Definition
| laser medium - laser light is generated -ruby. mechanism - gets the atoms in the laser medium into an excited state. optical resonator amplifies the light - mirrors. |
|
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Term
| what is special about lasers? |
|
Definition
| they are monochromatic - the photon that comes out is very exact - has 1 wavelength and 1 frequency - how it stays in line - said to be "coherent" |
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Term
| young experiment with lasers |
|
Definition
| laser is pointed through slits and it causes defraction - laser light is split into several, structured spots instead of being split in 2. |
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Term
|
Definition
| called "the father of the computer." Made the first mechanical computer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| electronic numerical integrator and computer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| designed to calculate artillery firing tables, but first used to help build hydrogen bomb. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| contract signed in 1943 at UPenn called Project PX. unveiled in 1946 and cost about $500,000. |
|
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Term
| what is different about the ENIAC |
|
Definition
| it was the first digital computer, which means that it carried information in bits, or binary. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| moved from UPenn to Aberdeen proving ground in maryland in 1947. used in operation until 1955. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an american physicist that co-led building the eniac. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an american computer pioneer that co-led building the eniac. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| it was big and expensive, and cathode ray tubes had to constantly be replaced. CRT's also gave off a lot of heat. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| switches were set that would tell the computer what calculations to do. eniac had 20 accumulators as its memory b/c ram didn't exist yet. |
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Term
|
Definition
| famous mathematician who also worked on the eniac. studied economics and quantum mechanics. |
|
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Term
| what are transistors made of? |
|
Definition
| silicon and germanium. they are both metalloids. they need to be at a high purity to pick up radio waves. |
|
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Term
| bohr's planetary model of the atom |
|
Definition
| electrons have to be in an orbital path, and not in between. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| light is sent at an electron, and it goes from an inner to an outer orbit. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| electron doesn't want to be excited anymore, so it gives off a photon and moves inward. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| have a large band gap, so electrons have a tough time going from valence to conductor band. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| don't have a band gap, so electrons can easily go to conduction band. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| have a small band gap to get from the valence to the conductor band. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| melted down and crystallized. and silicon and germanium become like boron, and have a missing electron, so the hole is positively charged. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a free electron is floating around, so Si and Gr act like Phosphorous, and when melted down they become crystallized and have a negative hole. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when n and p-type materials are put next to each other, and electrical charge is only allowed to flow in 1 direction. acts like a solid-state as opposed to a vacuum tube. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| led the research and made the first transistor at bell labs in 1948. was a real jerk, and believed in eugenics - there are good and bad genes, and those with bad genes need to be sterilized. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| worked FOR shockley to build the first transistor. won 2 nobel prizes for the transistor and superconductivity. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| worked FOR shockley to make the first transistor. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| called "the father of the computer." Made the first mechanical computer. |
|
|
Term
| john mauchly and j presper eckert |
|
Definition
| both led the project at UPenn to build ENIAC |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Jerk. led research at bell labs to build the first transistor. believed in eugenics - people have good and bad genes, and those with bad genes should be sterilized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| worked FOR shockley in building the first transistor. won 2 nobel prizes for the transistor and superconductivity. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| worked FOR shockley when helping to make the first transistor. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a synthetic or semi-synthetic, organic solid that is used for industrial purposes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| contains mostly carbon, but can also contain other things. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| don't undergo a chemical reaction when heated, so they can be repeatedly reheated and reshaped. |
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Term
|
Definition
| plastics that can only be heated and shaped once b/c they undergo a chemical reaction. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| can be amorphous so it bends, or crystallized to be more rigid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poly is used to describe something that goes through polymerization, which is all plastics. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| they don't degrade quickly unless they are bioplastics. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| made the first man-made plastic and called it parkesine in 1856. parkesine=celluloid, which is made from cellulose - polymer that comes from plants. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| made the first purely synthetic fiber in 1935 at Dupont and called it nylon. was a depressed person, and killed himself with lemonade and cyanide. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| first big use of nylon was for stockings displayed at the 1939 world's fair. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| nylon was used to make parachutes for ww2. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
name came from where the first stone tools were found in Tanzania.
the area is called Oldowan.
Mode 1 tools.
made of flint, or "volcanic glass" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
"the cradle of mankind"
where man was believed to have first started in Tanzania. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
found footprints of hominids.
estimated to be about 3-4 million years old. |
|
|
Term
| Mode 2 tools: Acheulean Industry |
|
Definition
tools were formed with sharp edges, and were easier to hold.
about 2 million years ago. |
|
|
Term
| Mode 5 tools: neolithic industry |
|
Definition
made about 10,000 years ago.
stone is attached to sticks to make hatchet, etc.
able to make fire, so food is better - leads to brain development |
|
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Term
|
Definition
basic study of physics during Greek times.
physicists were grped with natural philosophers during the time of the Greeks. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
created the Pythagorean theorem.
famous Greek philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician. |
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Term
|
Definition
greek - called "the father of modern science"
first thought of the idea of the atom. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
famous inventor:
made archimedes screw - drained holes
claw - put on boat to crush other boats
myth - heat ray - used sun and a lot of mirrors to light other boat on fire |
|
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Term
|
Definition
famous astronomer - proved that universe is heliocentric
discovered pendulum motion, measurement of time, falling motion of objects
created the scientific method. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. observe
2. hypothesis
3. experiment
4. theory |
|
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Term
|
Definition
very strange and religious - part of rosecutions and believed in alchemy.
made his own version of calculus to discover 3 laws of motion.
thought light had mass - corpuscular theory of light) |
|
|
Term
| 1st industrial revolution |
|
Definition
machines are being made to replace human power - steam power is made.
expansion of roads, canals, and train tracks makes traveling easier. |
|
|
Term
| 2nd industrial revolution |
|
Definition
internal combustion engine made.
steam powered ships.
electrical power generation - allows transmission of info. and intelligence. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the science of measurement.
1-off - when things were personally made, each machine had different parts.
standardization of measurements made part replacement easier. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| first to modernize the idea of creating something with interchangeable parts |
|
|
Term
| giant magneto resistance - GMR |
|
Definition
magnetic fields that control electricity.
technology that is used in hard drives. |
|
|
Term
| corpuscular theory of light |
|
Definition
created by isaac newton.
stats that light is a particle that has mass.
corpuscular - small |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a disturbance in a medium that transports energy from one region in space to another. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
when direction of propagation is perpendicular to the direction of the medium distrurbance.
shake the slinky left and right. |
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Term
|
Definition
when the direction of propagation is in the same direction of the medium disturbance.
slinky is pulled at top. |
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Term
|
Definition
discovered that light is a wave and not a particle with mass.
decoded the Rosetta Stone - written in Egyptian and Greek |
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Term
|
Definition
joined electricity, magnetism, and light.
proved that light doesn't need a medium to travel through space like sound does. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
infrared light - longer wavelength than visible light; we feel it as heat.
shorter wavelengths have stronger energy and can break bonds like DNA - can cause cancer. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| found the existence of cosmic microwave background - static heard on radio is leftover microwaves from the big bang. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
discovered that electricity is made of charges - used a tesla coil, magnet, and crookes tube.
crookes tube is like CRT but earlier. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
aka "wizard of menlo park"
made several inventions, but most famous is incandescent light bulb.
also made d/c electricity.
rivals with nikola tesla. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
in lightbulb, the filament had a high resistance - electrons lost energy in filament and gave off light.
inefficient, so a lot of heat was given off too.
inside of lightbulb became black b/c light and heat coming off of filament was charged. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
invented the electric motor.
rivals with edison.
made a/c electricity.
discovered how to send voice over radio waves.
called "man who invented the 20th century" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| discovered the electron in 1897. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atom is a sphere of positive charge, and electrons are embedded inside |
|
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Term
|
Definition
2 pieces of metal - one negatively charged and the other positive.
negative side is heated up, and electrons move to positive side.
led to the creation of the diode. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| created the diode - modifies electrical signals. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
created long distance radio transmission and inventor of radio - really isn't.
he commercialized ideas from other scientists to get nobel prize.
not a real scientist. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
created the triode - allowed electromagnetic signals to be amplified.
called the triode the audion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
invented FM radio.
most of his inventions were stolen by other people.
fought with De Forest over patent rights to radio - De Forest won, but armstrong should've won. |
|
|
Term
| vacuum tube used for radio |
|
Definition
radio sends out negative and positive - no sound b/c negative and positive cancel each other out.
vacuum tube gets rid of either the positive or negative, so sound is heard on receiving end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
radio detection and ranging.
uses transverse, electromagnetic waves. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
sound navigation and ranging.
uses longitudinal waves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
we can hear from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
As a person gets older, they can't hear high frequencies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sound that is below what humans can hear
below 20 Hz.
The smaller the wavelength, the higher the frequency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
created by vibrations.
to make a high frequency noise, something that emits high frequencies has to be vibrated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if you put electricity on a crystal, you can rapidly change its shape, and it emits a high frequency sound. |
|
|
Term
| sound going through water |
|
Definition
needs to be very high frequency.
how fish in deep water see. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| considered responsible to building modern day SONAR. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| launch sound waves, and they will hit something and return back to you. the time it takes to get back to you is used to calculate distance. |
|
|
Term
| spin offs made from discovery of SONAR |
|
Definition
clocks used quartz instead of pendulum.
turntables - needle hits grooves, and electromagnetic waves are emitted - aka phonograph. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3x10^8 m/sec.
frequency*wavelength=speed of light. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| location of an object in space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the rate of change of position.
how quickly you're changing position. |
|
|
Term
| definition of acceleration |
|
Definition
changes velocities.
constant velocity means no acceleration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in air: 343 m/sec
in water: 1000 m/sec |
|
|
Term
| calculating time for RADAR |
|
Definition
t=2r/c
t=time
r=distance
c=speed of light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vacuum tube didn't output enough energy, but the cavity magnetron did.
made sending microwaves possible.
made in britain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microwave oven was made shortly after WWII. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invented the cathode ray tube (CRT) in 1897. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
worked on photoconductivity and invented the kinescope.
worked on receiving end of television.
recruited by Sarnoff to work at RCA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founded NBC and RCA - recruited Zworykin to work for RCA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| states that the value of a broadcast network is proportional to the number of viewers. - not 100% true. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Father of television"
created the electric video camera - no drums required like earlier models.
worked on sending end of television. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an electron beam is shot at the end of the CRT in horizontal lines called rasters.
phosphor is on the inside of the screen, so it lights up when the electron beam hits it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
raster is the zig-zag pattern or horizontal lines made by the electron beam when forming a tv image.
resolution is determined by number of raster lines.
goes from top to bottom of screen to make image - done 30 times per second, so 30 Hz refresh rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
picture element.
smaller pixels means that there are more, so better resolution.
a group of RGB dots is a pixel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses 3 phosphors and 3 electron beams instead of 1 of each, so colored light is given off. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rods are for black and white detection.
cones gather color - 3 types:R,G,B
there are a lot more rods than cones in the human eye. |
|
|
Term
| rutherford's gold foil experiment |
|
Definition
used very thin gold foil.
shot alpha particles - 2 protons and 2 neutrons, at the foil.
most particles went through unchanged, but some reflected back or came off at angles.
proved that plum pudding model is wrong. |
|
|
Term
| atomic number and atomic mass |
|
Definition
atomic number - number of protons in nucleus.
atomic mass - number of protons and neutrons in nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
controlled by number of neutrons and protons in nucleus.
unstable nuclei are radioactive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when an atom gives off an alpha particle - 2 protons and 2 neutrons, it is said to "decay"
alpha particle is large, so it only travels a few millimeters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a high speed electron is emitted from the nucleus - a proton and an electron in the nucleus together form a neutron.
now the "neutron" is just a proton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a photon - high speed wave of light - is emitted.
photon has no mass and no charge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nucleus gives off a positron - a positively charged electron, aka anti-matter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a subatomic particle with the same properties as its counterpart, except opposite charge.
when it hits matter, energy is made - how big bang happened. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the amount of time it takes for half of a mass of an element to decay.
can be from seconds to thousands of years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
see how much carbon is left from something to tell how old it is.
only works for about 5 half-lives back (30,000 years) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tearing apart an atom, and a lot of energy is released. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| putting 2 nuclei together, and a lot of energy is released. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discovered the neutron in 1932. |
|
|
Term
| how uranium fission happens |
|
Definition
shoot a neutron at uranium 235 - becomes 236, very unstable.
fission happens, and the nucleus breaks apart, and the neutrons from the nucleus hit other uranium nuclei, thus causing a chain reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jewish german scientist, so WWII made her move - kept in contact with colleagues.
came up with auger (oj) effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an atom with an electron vacancy in the innermost shell makes itself more stable by emitting 1 or more electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uranium 235 is enriched so it is fissile - able to undergo fission.
low enrich for nuclear reactors.
90% enriched for weapons. |
|
|
Term
| how plutonium 239 is made |
|
Definition
| uranium 238 gets a neutron added to it, and it undergoes 2 beta decays - Pl 239 is made - fissile and somewhat stable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tough to combine 2 nuclei b/c they are positively charged.
get nuclei moving very fast, and eventually they will collide and fuse.
fusion is green, but we don't use it b/c we can't sustain it. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the certain quantity needed to react with neutrons so bomb will explode. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| british project name to build an atomic bomb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
combined US and britain efforts to build atomic bomb - first called "the Manhattan district"
led by Leslie Groves - military side
and Robert Oppenheimer - scientific side. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary organizer of The Manhattan Project. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Los Alamos is primary site.
Oakridge, Tennessee for uranium enrichment.
Richford, Washington for Plutonium enrichment.
Alamogordo, New Mexico where bomb was tested. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uranium 235 moved a bit faster than uranium 238, which allowed them to be separated - uranium hexafluoride was used for diffusal process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| california university cyclotron - maintained by women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has uranium target at one end, and uranium bullet at the other - both are half of the critical mass.
bullet is fired at target from explosives, and critical mass is formed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used plutonium
at center is plutonium, surrounded by TNT.
TNT is simultaneously triggered, and plutonium comes together to form critical mass. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plutonium bomb was used for testing b/c design was tougher, and not enough uranium for test.
explosion is equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT. |
|
|
Term
| Wilhelm Roentgen (Rent-gen) |
|
Definition
discovered x-rays when working with CRT's.
called x-rays b/c nobody knew what they were.
Won first ever nobel prize. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrons accelerate from cathode to anode, once at anode they stop and give off electromagnetic radiation - breaking radiation aka x-rays. |
|
|
Term
| x-ray use in 20th century |
|
Definition
| used to treat everything b/c people didn't know about how harmful they are. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
radioactive exposure man.
unit of radiation exposure.
safe amount is 1 REM per year. |
|
|
Term
| development of ultrasound |
|
Definition
| piezzo electric effect is used to make vibrations from a crystal, which is used for ultrasound. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
developed the hydrophone.
used for underwater ultrasound. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows mimimal invasion of the body b/c it provides real-time x-rays. |
|
|
Term
| radioactive isotopes in medicine |
|
Definition
they locate tumors b/c tumors hold excess blood.
isotopes go to tumor and make it glow brighter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
computerized axial topography.
takes many slices of pictures, and forms a 3D image. made by using many x-ray tubes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
magnetic resonance imaging.
spinoff of radio research after WWII.
takes pictures in slices like a CAT scan, but can also show organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
positron emission tomography.
positrons are sent into the body, and collide with electrons which forms light.
detectors pick up gamma rays sent out by you b/c you're radioactive.
need cyclotron to make positrons. |
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