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| each ethical choice is evaluated according to whether or not the action maximizes happiness. |
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| “categorical” - absolute, “imperative” command -a rule that must be followed by all rational beings |
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| “determination of right and wrong in questions of conduct”; “specious or excessive subtle reasoning” |
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A moral theory that says that the right decision is the one that causes the most happiness. |
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| A political and moral theory that says people are rational beings who wish who wish to promote their own self-interest, and the best way of doing that is to promote the common interests of society. |
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| Moral theory that says truth is different for different people. |
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| Deliberative Critical Discussion |
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| arguments will serve as investigations that seek to establish the truth to the extent possible. |
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| Deontological Ethical Theory |
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| Focuses on rights, duties, obligations, and rules. Some rules must be followed even if a bad end is achieved. |
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| When inequalities provide the greatest benefit to the least advantaged. |
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| A moral theory that hold that X is good because God commands it, and for no other reason. |
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| Morality boils down to achieving a single moral ideal, a single virtue, caring for other individuals. |
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A branch of mathematics which an individual makes choices that creates points for a player. The number of points a player wins depends on his/her choices and the choice of other players |
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| Kant, “Nothing [can] be called ‘good’ without qualification except a good will”... Will of a person to act solely according to a code of morality based purely in reason. |
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| Father of Contractarianism |
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| The half way point between two extremes of a human characteristic. |
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| Every person is treated equally and no one is given preferential treatment. |
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| Each person should have as extensive a set of basic freedoms as possible. Social and economic inequalities are justified if everyone has a fair chance to obtain the better position and if such inequalities benefit the least advantaged (difference principle) |
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| father of deontological ethics |
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| a way of defining morality |
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| the set of standards that everyone wants everyone else to follow even if their following them means having to do the same |
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| idea that it is wrong to punish a person when no harm was done |
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| proposed ethics of caring |
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| someone who fulfills the role of a caregiver in their intentions with others |
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| the reasoning used to make decisions |
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| Principle of the End in Itself |
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| treat humans always as ends in themselves and never merely as means to an end |
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two people are offered a choice- cooperate or defect
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| deductive reasoning used in Euclidean geometry which consists of a series of proofs demonstrating that an assertion about a geometric figure is true. Meant to establish the truth. |
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| man behind the ethics of justice |
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Rawls’s Theory of Justice |
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| All social contract theories of ethics must share a common core: the society should be fair |
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| a set of ethical standards for the followers of a particular religion |
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| the anger felt by a person at someone elses undeserved good or bad fortune |
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| form of utilitarianism where each act is evaluated as to whether it conforms to a select set of rules |
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| the willingness to allow others to do what they wish, given there is no overriding justification to do otherwise |
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| act only according to maxims that could be adopted as universal laws |
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| a decision reached by applying the theory should be correct for everyone that has a similar decision to make |
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the process of calculating which action will lead to the greatest utility/happiness |
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| a consequentialist moral theory that says the right decision is the one that causes the most happiness |
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| maximizing happiness in the world |
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| a moral theory that concerns the nature of virtue and what it means to have virtue |
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| the characteristics of a good person |
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| Association for Computing Machinery |
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| Professional organization for computing professionals |
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| wrote a series of stories about robots in which the robots were constructed with three built-in laws that they could not break; introduced the importance of priority in codes of ethics |
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| Bayles, Michael: gave six criteria for defining a profession: |
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Definition
Required
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requires extensive training
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involves significant intellectual effort
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provides an important service to society
Common
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requires certification or licensing
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has an organization of members
- theres autonomy in one’s work
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| a set of morally permissible standards of a group that each member of the group wants every other member to follow, even if their doing so would mean that they have to do the same |
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Harvard Graduate School. Has the least restrictive definition of profession with three main criteria:
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worker is awarded a degree of autonomy
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worker provides services to the public
worker performs a high level service |
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| goals that are inherently good to achieve |
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| Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
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| professional organization for engineers |
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| gives the most complex definition of profession in the form of a wheel with thirteen (20 total attributes, 16 on the wheel) of the attributes being considered the core characteristics widely accepted as indicating a profession |
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| state of affairs, though not morally required, that everyone wants everyone else to approach, all else being equal |
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| truths that are to be consistently maintained unless there is a compelling reason to do otherwise |
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| tell us certain things we must do and certain things we must not do- obligations and prohibitions |
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| person responsible for the upkeep and configuration of computer systems |
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| one feels pressure not to do something, even though it is legal to do so, because of fear of prosecution |
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| implemented to help limit the number of telemarketing calls U.S. consumers receive |
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| is travel for the purpose of obtaining or using drugs for personal use that are unavailable or illegal in one’s home jurisdiction |
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| publishing or broadcasting false statements about another person, usually with intent to harm the person’s reputation |
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believes there is no fundamental right to privacy; claims that peoples only interest in privacy is to conceal their own wrongdoing or prevent embarrassment; argues that modern notions of privacy will be obsolete with three parts:
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little to no privacy is natural because pre-modern people had no privacy
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privacy is not valued because contemporary people are willing to give up private information for financial incentives or improvements of convenience
privacy is a social harm because concealment is most useful to criminals |
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has three dictionary definitions:
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seclusion (being set apart)
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secrecy or concealment
- freedom from intrusion
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| the view articulated by Posner; often referred to as the “I have nothing to hide” argument |
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| a liberty or entitlement owed to a person because he or she is a person |
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| “the right to be free from intrusion”; popularized by Brandeis and Warren |
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presented a hierarchical Taxonomy of Privacy that could better help solve privacy problems by giving the various types of problems a name:
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information collection- surveillance, interrogation
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information processing- aggregation, identification, insecurity, secondary use, exclusion
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information dissemination- breach of confidentiality, disclosure, exposure,increased accessibility, blackmail, appropriation, distortion
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invasion- intrusion, decisional interference
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| mathematically precise set of steps for computing something (solving a problem) |
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| term used for all creators (including artists, choreographers, architects, ect.) in the US |
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| a peer to peer file sharer |
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| (Creative Commons) resources jointly held by everyone (Lawrence Lessig) |
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| Contributory infringement |
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Definition
| Occurs when an infringement committed by another person would not have happened without your help |
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protects original creative works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression |
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| the duration (time it lasts) of a copyright |
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| forged made as a copy of something, especially money, in order to defraud or deceive people |
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| program that removes the copy protection from DVDs (Eric Corley) |
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| Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) |
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Definition
A protection over copyright material.
Normally seen on DVDs and CDs |
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| Digital rights management (DRM) |
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Definition
| collection of technologies that work together to ensure that copyrighted content can only be viewed by the person who purchased it |
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| embedding small errors into a digital image (not visible to the naked eye) |
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| author is not entitled to a second royalty |
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| DVD Copy Control Association (DVDCCA) |
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| an organization responsible for the copy protection of DVDs. |
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| using a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright |
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| Sites that provide search functionality for Bit-Torrent |
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| any new and useful process, machine, [article of] manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof |
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| a computer on the internet that provides the key to unlock the file to authorized users |
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| a copyrighted work still in its copyright term but with no copyright owner |
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| Used to protect inventions that are novel and nonobvious |
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| intentional illegal copying of copyrighted material |
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| copying that the copier claims is original with him and the claim causes the audience to behave otherwise than it would have if it knew the truth |
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| practice of charging different people different prices for the same thing |
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| Real money transaction (RMT) |
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| virtual goods purchased with real money |
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| prevents the user from playing video discs from other parts of the world |
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| A program that gains access over the average access of programs. This was a controversial with sony installing them on peoples computer without them knowing. |
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| what people agree to use a program. This is normally ignored by most people. In court they don't hold up some times as the court understands people don't read them |
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| a bit torrent where people share a file using others files. The key used to locate the file. |
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| The look and feel of a product and its packaging |
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| A legally registered word, phrase, symbol, or other item that identifies a particular product, service, or corporation |
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| A secret that a company owns. They are what the company owns and will not dispose to other people |
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| Involves an infringement that occurs in an area under your supervision, and when you should have been policing and preventing ads. |
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| items that rely on some online system for their existence |
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| A very low level language that is very similar to machine language. |
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| Program that controls some sort of machinery |
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| A place in computer code where the next instruction executed depends on its input data. (if statement, switch stament) |
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numbers which were represented as 16, 32, or 64 bits. Is related to the Ariane 5 Flight 501, and the Pentium divide error. |
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| people who write and deploy malware. |
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| malicious software. Worm, virus, spyware, trojan horse, rootkit. |
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| Programs that execute at the same time as one of more other programs |
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| Attempts to fool or frighten a person into revealing key information |
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| A program that must do something within a specific amount of time |
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Software that may affect someone’s safety if it fails to work
properly. Eg. automobile breaking, traffic control software, patient monitoring software, etc. |
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| An attack that exploits a previously unidentified vulnerability |
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