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a classification system used to categorize humans into large and distinct populations or groups by heritable phenotypic characteristics, geographic ancestry, physical appearance, and ethnicity
Proven to be very difficult because human groups in modern societies are highly mixed physically. Consequently, different and often conflicting race typologies exist. (Banks and Banks, p. 447) |
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| A system of advantage based on race. Racism cannot be fully explained as an expression of prejudice alone. It is not only personal ideology based on racial prejudice, but a system involving cultural messages and institutional policies and practices as well as the beliefs and actions of individuals. |
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A microcultural group or collectivity that shares a common history and culture, values, behaviors, and other characteristics that cause members of the group to have a shared identity.
Share a sense of peoplehood and economic and political interests
Not the same as a racial group (Banks and Banks, p. 445) |
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| Judging another culture solely by the values and standard of one’s own culture |
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Refers to discrimination based specifically on language
English Language Learners (ELLs) or English as a Second Language (ESL):
“Focus only on students’ need to acquire English rather than on the fact the they already possess language, although it may not be English” (p. 211)
Authors also use the term Language Minority Students |
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| An ethnic group with several distinguishing characteristics. An ethnic minority group has distinguishing cultural characteristics, racial characteristics, or both which enable members of other groups to identify its members easily |
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| Groups in the US and other nations who have experienced discrimination historically because of their unique biological characteristics that enabled potential discriminators to identify them easily. African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanics in the United states are among the groups referred to as people of color. (Banks and Banks, p. 447) |
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“Any conduct based on a distinction made on grounds of natural or social categories, which have no relation either to individual capacities or merits, or to the concrete behavior of the individual person.”
Fails to consider harmful effects of such conduct
Fails to move beyond the individual level
Based on prejudice |
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| Attitudes and beliefs of individuals about entire groups of people; generally negative |
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Systematic process of privileging heterosexuality relative to homosexuality
The assumption that everyone is heterosexual, or if not, should be
Heterosexism, “reflects the beliefs and systems, sustained by power arrangements, which render invisible the lived experiences and contributions of LGBT members of society.” |
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The invisibility and devaluing of homosexuality, which are products of heterosexism, also result in the fear and discomfort labeled as “homophobia”
Can be internalized homophobia (i.e. one’s fear and discomfort of one’s own potential same sex attraction) or negative feelings that occur in response to the real or perceived homosexuality of others |
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“Sexism” is the set of assumptions and arrangements about how women and men “are or should be.” It is not by accident that many of the stereotypes of lesbian and gay people have to do with gender-role conformity .
Social, political, and economic structures that advantage one sex group over the other. Stereotypes and misconceptions about the biological characteristics of each sex group reinforce and support sex discrimination. In most societies, women have been the major victims of sexism. However, males are also victimized by sexist beliefs and practices |
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| The biological factors that distinguish males and females, such as chromosomal, hormonal, anatomical, and physiological characteristics. |
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An individual’s view of the gender to which the person belongs and his or her shared sense of group attachment to other males or females
Not determined by biology; socially constructed |
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| children who have difficulty learning and children whose performance is advanced |
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| refers to the loss or reduced function of a certain body part or organ |
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| refers to the challenges a person with a disability experiences when interacting with the physical or social environment |
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| Children who are not currently identified as handicapped but are considered to have a higher-than-normal chance of developing a disability are referred to as at risk. |
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| The concept of oppression points to social forces that tend to “press” on people and hold them down, to hem them in, and block their pursuit of the good life.” (p. 38 |
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| giving a group of people power to be superior even though they did not earn it. |
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| Things of value that all people are entitled to. Some groups do not get these entitlements |
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| The idea that students perform in the teachers expect them to perform. |
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| the belief that people with disabilities are not entitled to the same rights and are considered inferior to the “average” person |
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| a set of values, beliefs, ways of acting and being that for sociopolitical reasons, unfairly and unevenly elevate groups of people - mostly white, upper and middle class, male and heterosexual - to positions where they have more control over money, people, and societal values than their non-culture-of-power peers . The separation of people through these arbitrary marker results in a tiered society where set rules and ideological standpoints result in barriers for those not part of the culture of power. These barriers are a product of human invention, yet because they are legitimized by a caste-oriented society are often accepted as norma |
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