Term
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Definition
| after a meal the period during which the body receives nutrients from food in the intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which the supply of adrenal steroids is inadequate, either due to damage to the adrenals themselves or to failure of ACTH secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes six glycoprotein hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| converts a small fraction of the cell's supply of ATP into cAMP |
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Term
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Definition
| a branch of the sympathetic nervous system that secretes catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| the catecholamine epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| excess androgen that masculizes the genitalia of female fetuses if the mother has the defect |
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Term
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Definition
| an adrenal cortical steroid that plays an important role in regulating both Na+ content, and with ADH, extracellular fluid volume |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive plasma alkalinity |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts to angiotensis II by angiotensis-converting enzyme (ACE) |
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Term
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Definition
| a plasma protein that splits off angiotensin I when renin acts on it |
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Term
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Definition
| the adenhypophysis or pars distalis |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as vasopressin, ADH increases the rate of recovery of water from collecting ducts in the kidney; thus it promotes water conservation and the production of scanty, concentrated urine |
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Term
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Definition
| a fatty acid present in plasma membranes |
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Term
| atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) |
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Definition
| a peptide hormone released by the muscle fibers of the atria, that along with ADH and aldosterone, regulates kidney function |
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Term
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| The rate of energy use that is unrelated to specific body activities such as eating, exercise, or keeping warm |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the thyroid that stimulates bone calcification |
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Term
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Definition
| An important second messenger involved in activating secretion in exocrine and endocrine glands |
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Term
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Definition
| The major Ca++ binding protein for smooth muscle and nonmuscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| specific proteins that carry steroid hormones in the blood as complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones are recognized by these membrane-spanning receptors that then generate an intracellular second messenger |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits gastric emptying, and stimulates gall bladder contractions to increase delivery of digestive enzymes to duodenum. |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein matrix that acts as a reservoir for iodine accumulated in the thyroid from the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which excessive adrenal activity is generally the result of excessive secretion of ACTH |
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Term
| cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) |
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Definition
| the cyclic nuceotide that acts as a second messenger |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of the pancreas to secrete adequate insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| a signaling substance that is a hydrophobic molecule that diffuses freely within the plasma membrane and acts on a specific family of protein kinases (C kinases) distinct from that affected by cyclic nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the GI tract that secretes a large number of peptide hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure specialized for production and secretion of hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| peptide hormones involved in the process by which the body modulates its own pain sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| peptide hormones involved in the process by which the body modulates its own pain sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by the adrenal medulla, a catecholamine that is an important hormone, along with cortisol and glucagon, of the post-absorptive state. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that acts on the hematopoietic tissue of flat bones to stimulate the production of red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the gonadal female sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| a protrusion of the eyes due to hyperthyroidism |
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Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| one of 2 gonadotropins secreted by the adenohypophysis that control gonadal mass and function |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of reproductive cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a mediator secreted by the stomach that stimulates secretion of acid and pepsin by the gastric mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by the pancreas, a hormone, along with cortisol and epinephrine, that is important in the post-absorptive state |
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Term
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Definition
| a test for the clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in which the patient fasts until the post-absorptive state is reached, then ingests a glucose meal |
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Term
| glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone (GIP) |
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Definition
| a hormone released in response to the appearance of a carbohydrate meal in the duodenum and stimulates an early release of insulin in advance of the appearance of the glucose in the blood |
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Term
| gonadotropin releasing factor (GNRF) |
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Definition
| secreted by the hypothalamus to control the secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| the fraction of blood volume that is red blood cells |
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Term
| human growth hormone (HGH) |
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Definition
| a hormone that plays a central role in the control of growth throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| hypothalamopituitary portal system |
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Definition
| a special variety of blood circulation that involves two sets of capillaries connected by one or more portal veins |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of mental retardation caused by early thyroid deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in the volume of the circulating blood |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine cells embedded in the exocrine tissue that secrete three major protein hormones: glucagon, insulin and somatostatin |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein hormone released by adipose cells in proportion to their stored fat content that acts on the CNS to suppress appetite |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two gonadotropins secreted by the adenohypophysis that control gonadal mass and function |
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Term
| melanocyte-stimulating hormones |
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Definition
| a family of hormones included in the POMC sequence that are important in animals that change color, but apparently have no normal function in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays an important role in synchronizing the 24 hour cycle of the body and promoting rest during darkness |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that stimulates periodic waves of contraction in the post-absorptive gut, which we identify as "stomach growling" |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder of body fluid distribution caused by excessive production of mucopolysaccharides in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| an extension of the hypothalamus that contains the axon terminals of neurosecretory hypothalamic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons whose synapses release substances that pass into the blood and act as hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| the catecholamine norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| the major transmitter chemical released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| structure within the cell that interacts with mainly steroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| the octapeptide hormone primarily associated with labor and breast-feeding |
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Term
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Definition
| the hormone of the parathyroids that regulates bone growth and plasma Ca++ levels |
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Term
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Definition
| releases the octapeptide hormone oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
| a small protein that may range from as few as three amino acids to about thirty amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that converts cAMP to an inactive form |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane-bound enzyme that splits a small fraction of the plasma membrane's phospholipid (phosphoinositol) into two signaling substances: inositol trisphosphate (ITP or IP3) and diacylglycerol |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that prepares breasts for lactation and mobilizes maternal nutrients for uptake by fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| Within a few hours after a meal, the body enters this state in which it is no longer receiving nutrients from food in the intestine and must begin to draw upon its reserves of stored energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the neurohypophysis or pars nervosa of the pituitary gland |
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Term
| posttranslational processing |
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Definition
| a process that snips the pro hormone's sequence at various points to yield the shorter sequences of the various hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| gonadal female sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| a physiologically inactive precursor of a hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that has a critical role in sustaining milk production and in inhibiting reproduction cycling during lactation |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein sequence in which the primary transcript of the gene is translated and serves as a prohormone |
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Term
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Definition
| the major class of eicosanoids that are key mediators in the control of blood flow and inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| activated kinases attach phosphate groups to intracellular enzymes, activating (or inhibiting) them - an example of allosteric regulation |
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Term
| renal erythropoietic factor |
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Definition
| a factor released when the kidney experiences an inadequate supply of oxygen that stimulates the synthesis of the hormone erythropoietin |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme secreted by the kidney that is a proteas that acts on angiotensinogen to split off angiotensin I |
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Term
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Definition
| relays a hormone's effect to molecules and structures inside the cell, amplifying the effect of one hormone binding event by acting on several intracellular targets |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates alkali secretion by exocrine pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| the pocket in the sphenoid bone that encloses the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| a somatotropin release-inhibiting factor that also serves as a GI tract hormone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a limited subset of body tissues affected by a given hormone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a thyroid hormone that has four (T4) atoms of iodine bound to the two benzene rings of each hormone molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| millions compose the thyroid gland. Each follicle consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a central space filled with colloid |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two main hormones secreted by the thyroid |
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Term
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Definition
| a thyroid hormone that has three (T3) atoms of iodine bound to the two benzene rings of each hormone molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones that control the function of other endocrine glands |
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Term
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Definition
| the Ca++ binding protein in skeletal and cardiac muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| an aromatic amino acid from which the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) are derived |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sequence of events that occurs in a hormonal response mediated by a cyclic nucleotide second messenger |
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Definition
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