Term
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Definition
| for these antigens, one's body automatically possesses antibodies against those antigens that one's own blood cells do not possess |
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Term
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Definition
| Clumping of the transfused red cells caused by antibody binding |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC belonging to the specific immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which the numbers of circulating RBCs are reduced, or their content of Hg is inadequate, reducing the O carrying capacity of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| The chemical agents of the specific immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| they can be recognized and bound by antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic disease in which the synthesis of hg may be impaired |
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Term
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Definition
| a greenish yellow pigment that results from the conversion of hg released in the course of destruction of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism of generation if interstitial fluid from plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| a more permanant plut, or thrombus, produced during hte process of hemostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| the result of gradual contraction of the fibrin threads that make up the clot |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of plasma proteins involved in hemostasis that form fibrin from the plasma protein fibrinogen at the site of an injury |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of blood to clot |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which the destruction of mature RBCs causes a form of hemolytic anemia marked by the appearance of immature, nucleated RBCs in the newborn's blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
the rate at which the RBCs fall to the bottom of a tube of blood simply through the effect of gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone responsive to the oxygenation state of tissues that influences the formation of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| in hemostasis, the pathway initiated by chemical factors released by damaged cells, and involves activation of Factor VII leading to activation of Factor X and association of Factor X and Factor V to form a prothrombin activator complex |
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Term
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Definition
| a plasma protein specifically involved in forming blood clots |
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Term
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Definition
| clot breakdown in the healing process |
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Term
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Definition
| cells, although most of them, (the RBCs) lack a nucleus, that sink to the botom of the centrifuge tube, if a sample of blood is centrifuged. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fraction of the globulins that consists sepcifically of antibodies, a major type of recognition protein of the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
WBCs that are agents of the nonspecific immune system
nucleated cells distinguished by the presence of numerous granules in their cytoplasm
the granules are revealed by specific stains that identify the type of granulocyte. |
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Term
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Definition
| the fraction of blood volume occupied by RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| the stem cell for all blood cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| the pigment that gives blood its red color |
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Term
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Definition
| anemias in which the rate of destruction of RBCs may be increased |
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Term
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Definition
| an acute loss of blood from the circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| a process that prevents or minimizes blood loss by plugging injured vessels until healing can occur |
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Term
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Definition
| an excess of bilirubin, giving hte skin and sclera of the eyes a yellow tinge |
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Term
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Definition
| the pathway initiated by trauma to the blood itself or by exposure to an abnormal surface, such as glass or collagen, leads to a cascade of factors that terminates in the formation of the prothrombin activator complex |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic disease in which the synthesis of hg may be impaired |
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Term
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Definition
| an excess of bilirubin, giving the skin and sclera of the eys a yellow tinge |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the cells of the specific immune system, which is able to identify and direct an attack agaisnt foreign substances, microbial invaders, and other nonself materials that the body has met with previously |
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Term
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Definition
| scavenger cells that phagocytize dead cells, bacteria, and other foreign materials |
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Term
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Definition
| a large nucleated cell involved in the genesis of platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| agranular lymphocytes that leave the circulation and enter tissues where they transform into macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
- the clear straw-colored fluid component of blood
- consists of about 92% water, 7% protein, 1% salts, of which the major one is NaCl
- contains various materials being transported, including:
- gases: O2 and CO2
- nutrients
- wastes
- hormones
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Term
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Definition
| an inactive plasma protein that is incorporated into clots to digest fibrin |
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Term
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Definition
the smallest of the formed elements, only 1-2 microns in diameter.
they are the cellular component of the process of hemostasis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction to a transfusion of blood that occurs between genetically different individuals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A second form of blood type.
- Roughly one-sixth of the U.S. population lacks the Rh antigen (is Rh negative), and therefore is able to mount a primary immune response against it.
- By itself, this fact is not different from the situation with many other blood group antigens.
- However, the antiRh antibody, like many other antibodies present in the mother’s blood, can cross the placental barrier between mother and fetus and attack fetal red cells.
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Term
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Definition
| a preparation of antiRh antibodies that prevents erythroblastosis |
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Term
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Definition
| resulting from the removal of the proteins involving in clotting, it is a more stable form of plasma that may be used medicinally as a source of gamma globulins |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic disease in which the synthesis of hg may be impaired |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio between the weight of the liquid and that of an equal volume of pure water, which by definition has a specific gravity of 1.000. The specific gravity of adult blood ranges from 1.050-1.060 |
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Term
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Definition
| a plasma protein that converts fibrinogen into fibrin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chemical factors released by damaged cells that initiate the extrinsic pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the fluid's resistance to flow |
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Term
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Definition
| a component of blood that includes granulocytes and agranular leukocytes |
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Term
| name the three major groups of functions |
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Definition
transport of nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones and heat
regulation of the fluid environment of cells
protection against loss of extracellular fluid through hemostasis and against microbial invasion by mediation of immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio between the weight of the liquid and that of an equal volume of pure water, which by definition has a specific gravity of 1.000 |
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Term
| specific gravity of adult blood range |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the fluid's resistance to flow |
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Term
| whole blood viscosity range |
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Definition
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Term
| RBC production is sensitive to |
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Definition
| oxygenation state of body tissues. |
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Term
| How does chronic hypoxia affect RBC production |
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Definition
chronic hypoxia stimulates an increase in production, potentially leading to polycythemia and an abnormally elevated hematocrit.
this occurs normally in the process of adaptation to high altitude, with a corresponding increase in the ability of the blood to carry oxygen |
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Term
| describe chronic mountain sickness |
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Definition
increased blood viscosity d/t increased RBC production and increased hematocrit.
Increased viscoty of blood places excessive load on the heart and circulation through some organs may become inadequate.
condition can be cured only by a return to lower altitude. |
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Term
| effect of anemia on blood viscosity |
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Definition
| anemia decreases viscosity d/t reduced number of formed cells in the blood. |
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Term
| determining factors of blood temperature |
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Definition
| location of the blood in the body - cooler in extremeties, warmer in core |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-10 mm/hr, average rate higher for women than men |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammatory disease such as chronic infection, arthritis, rheumatic fever |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
granulocytes
agranular leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
engage in phagocytosis of foreign bodies
nucleus consists of 3-5 lobes connected by strands.
variable structure, so sometimes called polymorphs or polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
stain with basic dyes
release histamine
a chemical mediator of inflammation
are involved in allergic responses |
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Term
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Definition
stain with the dye eosin
involved in antiparasitic responses and also moderate the responses of basophils, so they may have a corrective role in allergic attacks |
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Term
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Definition
| able to identify and direct an attack against foreign substances, microbial invaders and other non-self materials that the body has met with previously. |
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Term
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Definition
| leave the circulation and enter tissues, transforming into macrophages - scavenger cells that phagocytize dead cells, bacteria and other foreign materials |
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Term
| which are the smallest formed elements? |
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Definition
| platelets, at 1-2 microns in diamter |
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Term
| the hemocytoblast may give rise to separate cell lines that lead ultimately to |
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Definition
| erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets. |
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Term
| the last step in formation of erythrocytes, |
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Definition
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Term
| the last step in formation of platelets |
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Definition
| budding off of numerous platelets from a large nucleated cell called megakaryocyte |
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Term
| formation of red cells is influenced by levels of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the first hemopoietic stem cells arise in |
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Definition
| the yolk sac starting at about 3 weeks of age |
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Term
| by the 3rd month of embryonic development, hemocytoblasts have migrated into the |
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Definition
| liver and spleen and most blood cell production goes on at those sites until about the 7th month, when hematopoiesis is taken over by the bone marrow. |
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Term
| hematopoiesis in adults is mainly confined to the |
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Definition
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Term
| the normal rate of formation of RBC |
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Definition
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Term
| formation of granulocytes and the rate of release of stored granulocytes from bone marrow are increased in response to |
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Definition
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Term
| non-formed elements of blood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
92% water, 7% protein, 1% salts, primarily NaCl
Various transported materials:
the gases O2 and CO2
nutrients
wastes
hormones |
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Term
| Nonprotein solutes - total solute content of ECF |
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Definition
| the total solute content of ECF is 300 mOsmoles/L |
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Term
| ionic solutes are expressed in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| nonionic solutes are expressed as |
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Definition
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Term
| for ionic solutes, the chemical law of macroscopic electroneutrality demands |
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Definition
| the total concentration of cation equal the total concentration of anion |
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Term
| Ordinarily in clinical practice, only ___,__,__ and __ are measured |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ and ___ account for the greatest part of the total cation |
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Definition
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Term
| half of the ___ and ___ are bound to phosphate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| difference of about 18 mEq/L of anion that is not accounted for by the sum of Cl- and HCO3- |
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Term
| Table of Major Plasma Solutes |
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Definition
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Acidity (pH) |
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Definition
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Bicarbonate |
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Definition
| 18-23 mEq/L (CO2 content) |
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Calcium |
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Definition
8.2-10.6 mg/dL
normally slightly higher in children |
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Chloride |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
hemoglobin
hematocrit
mean corpusclular hemoglobin
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
mean corpuscular volume
platelet count
WBC count |
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Creatine Kinase
(CK or CPK) |
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Definition
male: 38-174 units/L
female: 96-140 units/L |
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Creatinine |
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Definition
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Term
| Tests for electrolytes include |
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Definition
Calcium
chloride
magnesium
potassium
sodium |
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Hematocrit |
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Definition
Male 45-62%
Female 37-48% |
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Hemoglobin |
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Definition
Male 13-18 gm/dL
Female 12-16 gm/dL |
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Magnesium |
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Definition
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Platelet count |
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Definition
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Potassium |
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Definition
|
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
total protein |
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Definition
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Prothrombin
(PTT) |
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Definition
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
RBC |
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Definition
| 4.2- 6.9 million / μL / cu mm |
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
Sodium |
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Definition
|
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
BUN |
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Definition
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
BUN creatinine ration |
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Definition
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Term
Blood Test Reference Range
WBC |
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Definition
4.3 - 10.8 X 103 / mm3
or
4,300 - 10,800 cells/ μL / cu mm |
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Term
| Name the three main protein groups of plasma proteins |
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Definition
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen |
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Term
| which group of plasma proteins is specifically involved in forming blood clots? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an important role for plasma proteins? |
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Definition
| balancing the hydrostatic pressure of blood in the process of capillary filtration, the mechanism of generation of interstitial fluid from plasma |
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Term
| The major nutrient component of blood plasma is |
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Definition
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Term
| The secondary major nutrient carried in blood |
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Definition
| the monosaccharide glucose normally present at 65-100 mg/dl, rising as high as 120-140 mg/dl during absorption of a meal |
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Term
| transfusion of blood between genetically different individuals can result in the development of a |
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Definition
primary immune response against those antigens that the recipient does not express.
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Term
| a primary immune response resulting from transfusion of blood from genetically different individuals is dangerous to the recipient only if |
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Definition
the transfusion is repeated
in a secondary exposure, the recipient already possesses some antibodies and produces more antibodies very rapidly. This immune response will destroy the transfused cells and in the process may cause damage to the recipients tissues.
this is called a transfusion reaction, a form of tissue graft rejection. |
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Term
| Describe a transfusion reaction |
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Definition
| each antibody molecule possesses 2 or more binding sites, antibody binding can couple cells together, causing clumping, or agglutination, of the transfused red cells. |
|
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Term
| describe preliminary typing |
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Definition
some of the potential recipient's plasma is mixed with a sample of the transfusion blood.
If agglutination occurs, the blood types are incompatible |
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Term
| What is the result of a type A individual donates to a type B individual or vice-versa? |
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Definition
| agglutination due to antibodies present in the blood against those antigens that one's own blood cells do not possess |
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Term
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Definition
| both glycoproteins antigens, so they do not make antibodies to either and thus can safely receive blood of any of the four ABO types (universal recipient) |
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Term
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Definition
| express a form of the glycoprotein that lacks enough terminal sugars to serve as an antigen and possess both antiA and antiB antibodies |
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Term
| type O red cells will not be attacked by |
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Definition
| the antibodies of any of the other ABO types (universal donor) |
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Term
| The antibodies of transfused type O blood will attack |
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Definition
| the red cells of recipients that are A, B, or AB, but because the transfused plasma is so greatly diluted, this reaction is usally not of consequence for the recipient. |
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Term
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Definition
- can occur in a second pregancy of Rh positive fetus in a Rh negative mother.
- during first pregancy of Rh + fetus, mother is exposed to fetal blood and develps antibodies
- During 2nd pregancy, the mother's blood contains antibodies which attack the fetal red blood cells.
- if the fetus survives, it can be born with e. fetalis, in hwich destruction of mature red cells causes a form of hemolytic anemia marked by appearance of immature, nucleated red cells in the newborn's blood.
- erythroblastosis fetalis can be prevented by administration of Rhogam, with is a preparation of antiRh antibodies to Rh negative mothers at the time of each delivery.
- the Rhogam binds with an Rh antigen that has entered the mother's bloodstream, preventing it from triggering a primary immune resonse.
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Term
| during the process of coagulation, platelets release _____ as they stick to the collagen fibers of the blood vessel wall exposed by the cut |
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Definition
ADP
adenosine diphosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| attracts additional platelets and causes the new platelets to become sticky |
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Term
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Definition
- intiated by chemical factors (tissue thromboplastins) released by damaged cells
- involves activation of Factor VII leading to activation of Factor X and association of Factor X and Factor V to form a prothrombin activator complex.
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