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TBI
SCI
49
Pathology
Graduate
07/31/2014

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Cards

Term
Coup injury
Definition
injury from main impact
Term
contracoup injury
Definition
counter-blow injury resulting from coup injury
Term
What is the lowest possible level of consciousness
Definition
Coma
Term
Coma is characterized by what
Definition
total unresposiveness
Term
What indicates advanced brain failure or damage to bilateral cerebral hemispheres of the brainstem
Definition
coma
Term
How long to comas typically last
Definition
<= 4 weeks
Term
what can a vegetative state be a result of
Definition
diffuse cerebral hypoxia, severe white matter damage from impact
Term
What are teh 3 tests of the glascow coma scale
Definition
eye, verbal, motor response
Term
What is the lowest score for the comas sclae
Definition
3
Term
What is the highest score for the coma scale
Definition
15
Term
What would indicate a severe brain injury
Definition
<= 8
Term
What would indicate a moderate brain injury
Definition
9-12
Term
What would indicate a minor brain injury
Definition
>=13
Term
The axons directly disrupted by the trauma die this way in th efirst 18 hours
Definition
necrosis
Term
What triggers apoptosis in an SCI
Definition
chemical signals from monocytes and macrophages
Term
Apoptosis occurs at the level of the injury but also as far as ____ spinal segments from the injury site
Definition
4
Term
Damage to teh descenidng motor tracts leads to _____ and ____ of reflexes
Definition
hypotonia, loss
Term
Tone in the muscles below the level of the lesions as well as reflexes gradually ______ over the next few weeks
Definition
increase
Term
Spasticity or hypertonicity eventually
Definition
develop
Term
Spasticity may increase with: 1
Definition
constipation
Term
Spasticity may increase with: 2
Definition
infection
Term
Spasticity may increase with: 3
Definition
fracture
Term
Spasticity may increase with: 4
Definition
pressure sore below level of the lesion
Term
Spasticity may increase with: 5
Definition
drastic changes in temperature
Term
Spasticity may increase with: 6
Definition
emotional stress
Term
What is Autonomic Dysreflexia attributed to
Definition
interruption of the spinal cord sympathetic pathways
Term
Autonomic dysrelfexia can occur in anyone who has a SCI at or above what?
Definition
T6
Term
Autonomic dysreflexia impairs what
Definition
control mechanisms for blood pressure and heart function
Term
impairs the function of the AND adn the simultaneous activity of the SNS and PNS
Definition
autonomic dysreflexia
Term
Musculoskeletal changes: 1
Definition
heterotopic ossification
Term
heterotopic ossification
Definition
abnormal fusion of joint below level of the lesion
Term
Musculoskeletal changes: 2
Definition
pain due to nerve root compression
Term
Musculoskeletal changes: 3
Definition
fault posture
Term
Musculoskeletal changes: 4
Definition
overuse syndrome
Term
Musculoskeletal changes: 5
Definition
loss of sensation
Term
Musculoskeletal changes: 6
Definition
bone demineralization
Term
Respiratory Complications: 1
Definition
paralysis of the diaphgram in lesions above C4
Term
Respiratory Complications: 2
Definition
muscles of experiation impaires in lessions between C5 adn T12
Term
Respiratory Complications: 3
Definition
paralysis of external obliques impairs ability to cough and clear mucus
Term
Respiratory Complications: 4
Definition
altered breathing patterns
Term
Respiratory Complications: 5
Definition
aspiratoin, atelecstasis, penumonia
Term
Cardiovascular Complications: 1
Definition
increased incidence od DVTS and PEs
Term
Cardiovascular Complications: 2
Definition
hypercoagulability, venous stasis
Term
Cardiovascular Complications: 3
Definition
Impairs SNS in t1-t4 lesions
Term
Metabolic COnditions: 1
Definition
hyperinsulemia, insulin resistance
Term
Lack of mobility due to an SCI may lead to what
Definition
pressure ulcers
Term
Flaccid bladder caused by what
Definition
detrusor muscle tone
Term
Flaccid bladder may lead to what
Definition
bladder not contracting to empty
Term
Spastic bladder
Definition
increased tone of detrusor causing incontience
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